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As confidentially submitted to the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 25, 2020.
This draft registration statement has not been publicly filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and all information herein remains strictly confidential.

Registration No. 333-

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM F-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

Karooooo Pte. Ltd.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Not Applicable
(Translation of Registrant’s Name into English)

Singapore
(State or Other Jurisdiction of
Incorporation or Organization)

7372
(Primary Standard Industrial
Classification Code Number)

Not Applicable
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification Number)

10 Anson Road #12-14
International Plaza
Singapore 079903
+65 6255 4151
(Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Registrant’s Principal Executive Offices)

Cogency Global Inc.
122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor
New York, NY 10168
(Name, Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Agent for Service)

Copies to:

John B. Meade
Roshni Banker Cariello
Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP
450 Lexington Avenue
New York, NY 10017
(212) 450-4000

Joshua Wechsler
Meredith Mackey
Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson LLP
One New York Plaza
New York, NY 10004
(212) 859-8000

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after the effective date of this registration statement.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. ☐

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.

Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

Title of Each Class of Securities to be Registered

Proposed Maximum
Aggregate Offering
Price(1)(2)

Amount Of
Registration Fee

Ordinary shares, no par value per share

(1)

Estimated solely for the purpose of computing the amount of the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

(2)

Includes shares that the underwriters have the option to purchase to cover over-allotments, if any.

The Registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to such Section 8(a), may determine.

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The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and we are not soliciting offers to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.

Subject to Completion dated November 25, 2020

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

ORDINARY SHARES

Karooooo Pte. Ltd.

ORDINARY SHARES

This is the initial public offering of ordinary shares of Karooooo Pte. Ltd. We are offering of the ordinary shares to be sold in this offering pursuant to this prospectus. The selling shareholder identified in this prospectus is offering an additional ordinary shares to be sold in this offering pursuant to this prospectus. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the ordinary shares to be sold by the selling shareholder.

We intend to apply to list the ordinary shares on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “ ”. The ordinary shares of Cartrack Holdings Limited, our direct, wholly-owned subsidiary, are listed on the securities exchange operated by JSE Limited (the “JSE”) under the symbol “CTK” prior to the consummation of this offering. Cartrack Holdings Limited is expected to delist from the JSE in connection with the corporate reorganization described in this prospectus and we intend to apply for a secondary listing of our ordinary shares on the JSE under the symbol “ .” We anticipate that the initial public offering price will be between $ and $ per share.

After the completion of this offering, our Chief Executive Officer will beneficially own approximately % of the voting power of our outstanding ordinary shares (or approximately % if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional ordinary shares in full). As a result, we expect to be a “controlled company” within the meaning of the corporate governance standards for Nasdaq-listed companies and will be exempt from certain corporate governance requirements of such rules. See “Principal and Selling Shareholder.”

We are an “emerging growth company” under the U.S. federal securities laws as that term is used in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 and will be subject to reduced public company reporting requirements. Investing in the ordinary shares involves risks. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 15.

PRICE $ PER ORDINARY SHARE

Price to Public

Underwriting
Discounts and
Commissions

Proceeds to Us

Proceeds to
Selling
Shareholder

Per share

Total

(1)

We have agreed to reimburse the underwriters for certain FINRA-related expenses. See “Underwriting.”

The selling shareholder has granted the underwriters the right to purchase up to ordinary shares for a period of 30 days from the date of this prospectus to cover over-allotments at the initial public offering price less the underwriting discount.

The Securities and Exchange Commission and state securities regulators have not approved or disapproved these securities, or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The underwriters expect to deliver the ordinary shares to purchasers on , 2021.

, 2021

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ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

Prior to the Corporate Reorganization (as defined herein), all references in this prospectus to (i) “Cartrack” refer to Cartrack Holdings Limited, a subsidiary of Karooooo Pte. Ltd., and its subsidiaries, (ii) “Karooooo” refer to Karooooo Pte. Ltd. and (iii) the “Company,” “we,” “our,” “ours,” “us” or similar terms refer to either Cartrack or Karooooo as the context so requires. Following the Corporate Reorganization, “Cartrack,” “Karooooo” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” “ours,” “us” or similar terms refer to Karooooo Pte. Ltd., the sole shareholder of Cartrack Holdings Limited, and its subsidiaries.

We, the Selling Shareholder (as defined below) and the underwriters have not authorized anyone to provide any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectuses prepared by or on behalf of us or to which we may have referred you. We, the Selling Shareholder and the underwriters take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. We, the Selling Shareholder and the underwriters have not authorized any other person to provide you with different or additional information. We and the Selling Shareholder are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy, ordinary shares only in jurisdictions where such offers and sales are permitted. The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of the ordinary shares.

For investors outside the United States: neither we nor any of the underwriters has done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus or any free writing prospectus we may provide to you in connection with this offering in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. You are required to inform yourselves about and to observe any restrictions relating to this offering and the distribution of this prospectus and any such free writing prospectus outside of the United States.

PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Basis of Presentation

Unless otherwise indicated, all financial information contained in this prospectus is prepared and presented in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”). Certain differences exist between IFRS and generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) which might be material to the financial information herein. We have not prepared a reconciliation of our consolidated financial statements and related footnote disclosures between IFRS and U.S. GAAP. Potential investors should consult their own professional advisers for an understanding of the differences between IFRS and U.S. GAAP and how these differences might affect the financial information herein.

Our historical consolidated financial statements were prepared to give effect to (i) the common control transaction in which Karooooo Pte. Ltd. acquired a controlling stake in Cartrack Holdings Limited and (ii) the conversion of a shareholder loan from our founder and chief executive officer, Isaias (Zak) Jose Calisto, to Karooooo Pte. Ltd. into ordinary shares of Karooooo Pte. Ltd., which took place on November 18, 2020.

There is currently no specific guidance on accounting for common control transactions under IFRS as issued by the IASB. In the absence of specific guidance Karooooo Pte. Ltd. elected to apply the “pooling of interests” method of accounting. Under “pooling of interests” the assets and liabilities of Cartrack Holdings Limited are carried over at their book values with no adjustment made for the acquisition price and prior periods are restated as if the common control transaction had occurred at the beginning of the earliest period presented. Prior to this offering, we will engage in the Corporate Reorganization described under “Corporate Reorganization” pursuant to which Cartrack Holdings Limited will become a wholly-owned subsidiary of Karooooo Pte. Ltd.

All references in this prospectus to “U.S. dollars,” “U.S.$,” “$” and “USD” refer to the currency of the United States of America, all references to “R” or “rand” refer to the currency of South Africa and all

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references to “S$” or “Singapore dollar” refer to the currency of Singapore. Unless otherwise indicated, all references to currency amounts in this prospectus are in rand.

Our fiscal year ends on February 28 or February 29 of each year. References in this prospectus to a fiscal year, such as “fiscal year 2019,” relate to our fiscal year ended on February 28 or February 29, as applicable, of that calendar year.

We have made rounding adjustments to some of the figures included in this prospectus. Accordingly, numerical figures shown as totals in some tables may not be an arithmetic aggregation of the figures that precede them.

Financial Information in U.S. Dollars

Solely for the convenience of the reader, we have translated some of the rand amounts included in this prospectus from rand into U.S. dollars. You should not construe these translations as representations by us that the amounts actually represent these U.S. dollar amounts or could be converted into U.S. dollars at the rates indicated. Unless otherwise indicated, we have translated rand amounts into U.S. dollars using a rate of R15.6360 to U.S.$1.00, the exchange rate as of February 29, 2020 as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

The rand/U.S. dollar exchange rate as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System was R14.0750 per U.S.$1.00 as of February 28, 2019. The rand/U.S. dollar exchange rate as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System was R15.6360 per U.S.$1.00 as of February 29, 2020, which reflected an approximately 10% depreciation in the rand against the U.S. dollar since the prior year. There can be no assurance that the exchange rate will be maintained at the current level and that the rand will not depreciate further or appreciate against the U.S. dollar.

MARKET AND INDUSTRY DATA

Certain market data and forecasts used throughout this prospectus were obtained from internal company surveys, market research, consultant surveys, reports of governmental and international agencies and industry publications and surveys. Industry publications and third-party research, surveys and reports generally indicate that their information has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. This information involves a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates. Our estimates involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in this prospectus.

TRADEMARKS

In our key markets, we have rights to use, or hold, certain trademarks relating to Cartrack, or the respective applications for trademark registration are underway. We do not hold or have rights to any other additional patents, trademarks or licenses, that, if absent, would have had a material adverse effect on our business operations. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in this prospectus may appear without the “®” or “™” symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent possible under applicable law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensor to these trademarks and trade names. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade names, trademarks or service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies. Each trademark, trade name or service mark of any other company appearing in this prospectus is the property of its respective holder.

iii

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SUMMARY

This summary highlights information contained elsewhere in this prospectus. This summary may not contain all of the information that may be important to you, and we urge you to read this entire prospectus carefully, including the “Risk Factors,” “Business” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” sections and our consolidated financial statements and notes to those statements, included elsewhere in this prospectus, before deciding to invest in our ordinary shares. This prospectus includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Cartrack is a leading global provider of real-time mobility data analytics solutions for smart transportation.

We offer a comprehensive, cloud-based smart mobility platform for connected vehicles and other assets. Our software-as-a-service (“SaaS”) platform provides our customers with differentiated insights and analytics to optimize their business and workforce, increase efficiency and decrease costs, improve safety, monitor environmental impact, assist with regularity compliance and manage risk. Our business is vertically-integrated, which affords us complete autonomy with regards to the development of the capabilities and features that differentiate our applications as well as the speed of our innovation. Since we own and control every aspect of our smart device design, platform innovation and software application development, client acquisition and onboarding, customer service and the management of our back-end support, we are able to move quickly without any third-party dependencies and inefficiencies.

We serve customers in 23 countries across five continents, supporting more than 1.2 million subscribers and our highly scalable platform serves large multinational enterprises and individual consumers alike, enabling us to address a large, growing and underpenetrated global market.

Our proprietary SaaS platform acts as a central nervous system for connected vehicles and other mobile assets, such as construction equipment, generators, refrigeration units, trailers and boats. Our platform collects, processes, and analyzes data via two-way communication with our proprietary hardware technology or third party devices in each vehicle or other asset, providing our users with visibility into their fleets from a single, user friendly interface with reporting and tracking capabilities that deliver actionable insights in real-time. Our intuitive web-based applications provide a comprehensive set of software features for managing fleets and related workforces without the need for customers to incur upfront information technology costs and include advanced functionality such as real-time high speed video streaming. We provide customers with the flexibility to deploy our solutions across a range of vehicles, including electric vehicles, and other assets and to use our platform alone or in conjunction with the systems of original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) and other third parties. We are committed to the continued enhancement of our customer experience and retention by driving innovation in the platform, adding functionality, new software features and integration with OEM solutions. The benefits of our platform to our customers include increased productivity, efficiency, sustainability, and regulatory compliance. We empower our customers, which range from consumers to large enterprise fleets, with actionable intelligence to enhance profitability, better serve their customers, and strengthen safety and security. We define customers at the enterprise or consumer level and subscribers as each vehicle or asset we service. We currently track over 1.2 million vehicles and other assets daily with a platform uptime of 99.9%.

Broad-based mobile connectivity and cloud applications are transforming how organizations manage assets and operate their businesses. According to Allied Market Research, the global automotive telematics market size was valued at $50.4 billion in 2018, and is projected to reach $320.6 billion by 2026, reflecting a CAGR of 26.8% from 2019 to 2026. The market opportunity in automotive mobility technology in commercial vehicles alone is expected grow from $33.4 billion in 2018 to $219.1 billion in 2026 with a CAGR of 27.6%. As the global vehicle fleet continues to increase with a shift towards smart transportation and connected vehicles, this opportunity will continue to grow. We believe this growth will be accompanied by large and increasing complexity and cost associated with operating mobile assets and managing associated workforces. We expect our customers’ demand for our platform to remain strong as they use it to manage these costs and share data with their customers, who increasingly expect real-time insights with respect to vehicles, workforce and other mobile assets.

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We were founded in 2001 in South Africa with an initial focus on stolen vehicle recovery (“SVR”) services in the region. We have strategically grown our business and are now a leading global provider of smart transportation management and analytics. In 2020, we moved our global headquarters to Singapore, where we believe we have access to the talent and capital to maintain and further our technological and operational leadership in the industry.

Since our founding, we have gained vast expertise and enhanced our business in the following areas:

•

Developing new software applications such as fleet management, mobile asset accounting, workforce management, and insurance solutions;

•

Developing capabilities in data management at scale as well as a broad range of communication technologies and protocols;

•

Expanding our sales and marketing focus to include commercial fleets of all sizes; and

•

Expanding our geographic footprint to meet the needs of our customers who are increasingly global with larger, more complex fleets and requirements.

Our single user interface and fully integrated cloud-based platform runs on internally developed and cost-effective smart Internet of Things (“IoT”) devices, enabling us to deliver a unified and comprehensive service to our customers while maintaining control of our cost structure. Our discreet, sophisticated smart devices stream data to the platform, facilitating informed decisions about optimal asset efficiency and productivity, including live tracking and location of assets. Customers utilize the platform through an easily accessible web-based portal or mobile application, which is designed to be easy to deploy across customers’ entire mobile asset fleets. Our devices can be installed in a range of mobile assets independent of asset procurement, allowing our customers to integrate our solutions in existing or new vehicles. Our platform includes a wide range of reliable services to effectively serve the needs of a geographically diverse range of clients. Where appropriate, partnerships with third party technology providers are established to create incremental value to customers in the markets we serve.

Smart vehicles and other connected mobile assets are becoming more common, generating increasing amounts of data. As this trend continues, there will be a greater need for deeper insights with respect to this growing pool of data. Our leadership position, as well as the strength and breadth of our platform, will enable us to continue to target a broad base of customers across multiple industries who derive value from our end-to-end platform, its stability and affordability. We market via inside sales and relationship managers in the field, who build long-lasting relationships with customers. We believe we have a proven expansion model with well-established operations across several continents and are currently focused on scaling rapidly to address high-growth greenfield opportunities in Asia.

We believe that maintaining strong financial discipline and prudent investment of capital provides a strong foundation for growth. For the year ended February 29, 2020, we reached the milestone of one million subscribers, growing our subscriber base by 165,717 subscribers to 1,126,515 subscribers as of February 29, 2020. Our business has experienced rapid growth, strong profitability, and capital efficiency in recent years. For the year ended February 29, 2020, we generated subscription revenues of R1,888 million compared to subscription revenues of R1,521 million for the year ended February 28, 2019, reflecting year-over-year growth of 24%, with subscription revenue now representing 97% of total revenue. We have experienced seven consecutive years of double-digit growth in revenue and subscribers.

Our profit for the year was R443.5 million and R361.0 million, for the years ended February 29, 2020 and February 28, 2019, respectively, reflecting year-over-year growth of 22.8%. Our operating profit was R628.8 million and R499.9 million for the years ended February 29, 2020 and February 28, 2019, respectively, reflecting year-over-year growth of 25.8% and our Adjusted EBITDA was R968.7 million and R761.4 million for the years ended February 29, 2020 and February 28, 2019, respectively, reflecting year-over-year growth of 27.2%.

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respectively, we generated net cash generated from operating activities of R901.2 million and R472.3 million, reflecting year-over-year growth of 90.8%. This growth increased profitability and improved working capital efficiency.

See the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for additional information.

Industry Background

The growth in size and complexity of vehicle fleets, as well as increasing data sources and real-time connectivity, continue to provide a growing market opportunity due to increased adoption of connected device analytics and mobility management offerings as businesses and their customers are demanding more software features and greater transparency into fleet operations. In addition, the increasing costs of labor for drivers, fuel, maintenance and insurance have led to higher expenses associated with fleet operations and has driven demand for cost-effective solutions. Increasingly complex regulatory regimes and the persistent threat of crime also add to the challenges facing fleet operators. Our solutions address these challenges and favorably position us to benefit from the following industry dynamics.

Increasing global vehicle fleet. According to Fitch Solutions, the size of the global vehicle fleet is estimated at nearly 1.5 billion vehicles in 2020 and forecasted to grow to more than 2 billion vehicles by 2030. Cartrack’s expansion strategy in emerging markets is designed to place it in position to capitalize on these favorable industry growth dynamics. Growing use of shared personal mobility devices, such as bicycle and scooter rental networks, is contributing to demand for mobility management solutions for large fleets of vehicles that are not traditional automobiles.

Growth of smart transportation and proliferation of data sources. Connected device analytics and mobility solutions are growing globally, and penetration is relatively low in all markets. There is growing third-party and OEM demand for remote diagnostics, maintenance management, accident and breakdown assistance and other technology products that require mobile connectivity and services. The volume of data concerning mobile assets and associated operator behavior is proliferating rapidly and growing in complexity. Immediate access to large volumes of remote data is being facilitated by the deployment and growth of 5G networks alongside expanding access to current-generation mobile connectivity technologies in developing markets. With growing urbanization and the emergence of smart cities, more organizations and individuals will deploy mobile and remote devices and rely on insights from the data that such connected devices generate.

Large and growing cost of operating mobile assets. Fleet managers are faced with significant operational costs associated with human resources, fuel, maintenance and insurance, as well wasteful and fraudulent driver behavior, resulting in higher expenses. Fleet managers and insurance companies are increasingly relying on data to assess and manage driver risk, tailor premiums, and reconstruct accident scenes for evaluation of claims, and to monitor, influence and react to driver behavior in real-time.

Demands of consumers and large enterprises for digital transformation. Organizations are seeking to adopt SaaS solutions to leverage insights from data to reduce costs and manage mobile assets optimally. As providers like Amazon and FedEx provide real-time insight into order status and delivery tracking, both enterprises and consumers increasingly demand live visibility into operations and orders. Real-time insights can be differentiating in industries where transportation capabilities are otherwise increasingly commoditized.

Increasing regulatory complexity. Government regulations to improve safety and roadworthiness of vehicles, manage hours worked by drivers, implement road taxes by distance traveled and track and reduce carbon emissions are growing. Examples include Europe’s eCall initiative to install automatic emergency call devices, the CONTRAN 245 mandate in Brazil to install vehicle-tracking devices in all new vehicles sold, and the electronic logging device (“ELD”) mandate in the United States. Additionally, vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication technologies are becoming increasingly important components of regulated national transportation infrastructure and will result in a corresponding growth in mobile asset data available for capture and analysis.

High rate of vehicle theft in developing markets. Consumers, fleet managers, and insurance companies all increasingly demand asset recovery services to recover vehicles and other mobile assets, manage self-insurance risk and increase levels of personal safety in developing economies in Africa and South America.

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Our Platform and its Key Strengths

Our mission is to understand our customers’ current and future needs in order to provide a software platform that puts them in control. We believe we accomplish this through the following key strengths:

Broad array of mobility applications. Cartrack offers real-time connectivity services through mobile devices to manage the deployment of people and vehicles and the tasks that they are required to perform. This includes communications, analytics, accounting, live video streaming, workforce management and an array of medical and roadside assistance services that are applicable to taxi/ridesharing, public transit systems and logistics businesses. With fleet management, mobile asset accounting, workforce management, and a broad set of additional software features, we offer a highly functional, unified platform for smart transportation management and analytics delivered through a single screen.

Highly scalable vertical SaaS. Cartrack’s cloud architecture enables us to quickly and reliably add thousands of mobile subscriptions and integrate their corresponding data streams each month, including data from sources such as OEMs and other third-party devices. Our easy-to-use interfaces for iOS and Android, as well as our online platform for desktop, make it seamless for users to switch between devices, and our internally developed SaaS platform caters to all types of vehicle propulsion methods (internal combustion, hybrid, and electric) and allows for flexible integration with all major OEM hardware and software platforms.

Large and growing global infrastructure. Our business is fully vertically integrated in the design, development, production, and deployment of its hardware and software offerings. Unlike many of our competitors, all systems and products that we use are proprietary. Our vertically-integrated model allows us to provide our customers with the benefits of lower costs and greater flexibility without third-party vendor lock-in. Our R&D center in Singapore is staffed exclusively by our employees and is positioned to ensure our continued access to world-class talent in Southeast Asia. To provide leading service in installations, customer support, and vehicle recovery, we have established a comprehensive branch network of automotive technicians with rapid-response capabilities in each of the 23 countries in which we or our licensees operate. Our more than 665 mobile workshops serve customers globally around-the-clock. Our customer-focused approach to service is key to our leadership position in the industry and earned us recognition in South Africa’s prestigious Ask Afrika Orange Index Awards for outstanding customer experience in October 2018.

Deep domain expertise, industry knowledge, and institutional intellectual property. Our experienced R&D and management teams have accumulated vast experience in the fields of data operations, GSM, radio frequency, and satellites, as well as emerging and next-generation technologies such as LPWAN and V2X communications. Each of our proprietary smart devices are compact, facilitating effective concealment, and is transferable from one vehicle to another. Personal safety considerations, specialized fleet management, and regulatory compliance will continue to require the design and development of proprietary hardware. Our trained automotive technicians carry out installations with electronic connections kept at a minimum so as not to interfere with the vehicle’s electronic systems. Our products and installations are endorsed by a number of insurers and motor vehicle manufacturers.

Culture of service and innovation. The values at the heart of our culture — accountability, integrity, service orientation, relationships, and entrepreneurial leadership — are core drivers of our success. As we have grown from a small South African company to a global enterprise with more than one million subscribers, we have maintained a start-up culture that eschews hierarchy and where individual ownership and agility remain key features of our everyday behaviors and operations. We have a highly proven service delivery track record and are known for being quick to deploy and fast to respond.

Key Benefits to Our Customers

The relatively low monthly cost and material return on investment realized by our customers favorably positions us in both weak and strong macroeconomic environments. Our platform provides the following key benefits to our customers:

Lower operating costs. Research by the U.S. Department of Transportation shows implementing telematics can reduce unsafe driving by 60%, which can translate into profit margin increases of 30% in

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commercial fleets as well as reduced emissions. Telematics insurance has also reduced car accidents by around 35% in recent years, according to Allied Market Research. We believe that the AI-enabled real-time feedback through our platform coaches drivers to engage in behavior that lowers fuel consumption, reduces maintenance costs, and improves on-road safety.

Increased workforce and asset productivity. Real-time fleet oversight and analysis of data can assist fleet managers in planning better routes and times for vehicles to be on the road, as well as planning maintenance through alerting and scheduling. Route management and traffic mapping, powered by our platform, can reduce the distance covered by each vehicle. By providing an integrated platform for data, analytics and communications, driver and dispatch teams can work together more efficiently and empower management with greater insight into key performance indicators of asset and employee performance such as utilization, service intervals, and billable hours.

Stability and reliability. Cartrack employs the GSM/LTE network, to facilitate reliable communication between our platform and telematics devices. This technology enables recovery teams to accurately locate stolen vehicles and allows customers to track the movement of their vehicles via the web or mobile applications. GPS satellite technology provides users with accurate positioning and monitoring of the vehicle fleet. Secondary radio homing beacons enable air and ground response teams to locate vehicles in areas where coverage may be sparse. Customers also further benefit from our 99.9% system uptime for the year ended February 29, 2020.

Road safety and accident management. The World Bank Group estimates that, on average, a 25% reduction in road traffic deaths raises per capita real GDP by several percentage points in the growth markets we target, illustrating the importance of improving driver habits and monitoring commercial vehicles. Powered by industry leading AI, we provide comprehensive driver behavior monitoring and measurement applications which are easily integrated into vehicles to extract and analyze significant amounts of data to improve driver behavior. In addition, deployment of in-vehicle telematics sensors to monitor activity on-road and within a vehicle provides performance benefits and critical data in the event of a collision.

Our Growth Strategy

Our long-term growth is driven by five key factors:

Growth of connected devices. We are enhancing our SaaS platform to be device and service provider agnostic as we further develop smart mobility capabilities, partnering with the world’s leading companies in pay-as-a-service transportation. Increasing global access to these devices will further drive demand for our solutions and services. Our platform is complementary to OEM and third-party telematics systems and we conduct aftermarket installations in collaboration with OEMs.

Deeper insights from data. Our customers are increasingly reliant on our SaaS platform to optimize business intelligence relating to both assets and people on a global scale. In order to capitalize on this rapidly growing trend, we will continue to invest in technology and operating capacity across markets.

Global demand. We have seen a notable rise in demand for connected vehicles, devices and mobility data across the globe, enabling our expansion across geographic regions. All markets remain underpenetrated, and we are capitalizing on opportunities to provide scalable, customer-centric solutions that rapidly deliver value to enterprise customers and consumers alike.

New platform enhancements. We continue to expand our platform to address our customers’ most critical business priorities. R&D investments allow us to meet growing expectations from customers for deeper insights quickly. We offer an easy-to-use administrative and vehicle cost accounting software called MiFleet and a mobile enabled workforce management solution called the Communicator, which can effectively manage business processes like stock control, electronic proof-of-delivery and invoicing. Recent enhancements to our platform include business intelligence and OEM integrations, our buying and selling cars platform, and advanced jobs and messaging via our Communicator routing application.

Significant barriers to entry. We enjoy a strong competitive advantage due to the global fragmentation of our market, upfront capital requirements for the development and deployment of global infrastructure and to fund cash investments in device and installation costs, and the significant R&D expenditure necessary

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to keep pace with technological developments. The industry has shifted from upfront payment for hardware and installations to recurring SaaS subscription contract models where the service provider retains the ownership of the device, and we have capitalized on this shift to reinforce customer retention. This high demand for SaaS solutions with no upfront fees increases the challenge facing new entrants and vendors lacking scale.

We intend to pursue the following growth strategies:

Increase subscription sales to existing customers. We believe our longstanding commitment to R&D investment positions us favorably to continue to deploy technologically advanced solutions increasingly in demand among customers of all sizes worldwide. Our customer base of more than one million subscribers represents a significant opportunity for further subscription sales expansion. Many of the growth drivers for new subscriptions will also lead to the growth of our offering within existing customers. Our scalable platform and vertically integrated infrastructure will enable us to onboard new customers quickly and easily and make new software features immediately available to our customer base worldwide.

Expand our subscriber base. Our market penetration is low worldwide. We believe there is substantial opportunity to grow our customer base. We expect growth in customer demand to come from mobile asset growth and a broad range of emerging smart mobility use cases, where we expect robust demand for SaaS-based data analytics solutions to optimize operations. We believe demand growth will be in excess of global fleet growth forecasts due to increased market penetration opportunities resulting from the realization of the benefits associated with adopting mobility offerings. We anticipate demand increases for safety and security services by governments, business, and individuals due to increasing crime rates in key markets. We serve a broad range of customers and industries and will continue to focus on growing our subscriber base among them.

Expand our geographic presence worldwide. While South Africa remains an important market for us, we expect more robust subscriber growth from the Asia-Pacific and Middle East regions, due to populous, fast-growing economies, a favorable competitive climate, including low penetration rates and unsophisticated competing solutions, and established operations that have now gained scale. We expect growth from the unmet need for improved road safety and decreased pollution levels, particularly in the Asia-Pacific and Middle East regions where vehicle populations are expected to show a material increase along with already elevated traffic congestion and pollution levels. We are looking to further increase our footprint in Europe, and our US operations are small but highly strategic in nature. As the breadth of our offering increases over time, we believe we will be able to efficiently deploy our offering across our existing multinational customers’ fleets as we enter new regions where they already operate.

Expand our consumer platform and services. We intend to expand the offering of our consumer offering into both Europe and the Asia-Pacific and Middle East region as demand grows for consumer services. For example, in Europe, the demand for accident notification and medical emergency response is growing and at our current scale, we can add these services to our business very efficiently.

Risks Affecting Us

We are subject to numerous risks, including risks that may prevent us from achieving our business objectives or may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and prospects. You should carefully consider the following risks, those risks described in “Risk Factors” and the other information in this prospectus before deciding whether to invest in our ordinary shares:

•

our ability to acquire new subscribers and retain existing subscribers;

•

the effects of a pandemic or widespread outbreak of an illness, such as the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic;

•

our anticipated growth strategies, including our ability to increase sales to existing customers, the introduction of new solutions and international expansion;

•

our ability to adapt to rapid technological change in our industry;

•

our dependence on cellular networks;

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•

competition from industry consolidation;

•

market adoption of fleet management solutions;

•

automotive market conditions and the evolving nature of the automotive industry towards autonomous vehicles;

•

expected changes in our profitability and certain cost or expense items as a percentage of our revenue;

•

our dependence on certain key component suppliers and vendors;

•

our ability to maintain or enhance our brand recognition;

•

our ability to maintain our key personnel or attract, train and retain other highly qualified personnel;

•

the impact and evolving nature of laws and regulations relating to the internet and data privacy;

•

our ability to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technologies and address any infringement claims;

•

significant disruption in service on, or security breaches of, our websites or computer systems;

•

dependence on third-party technology and licenses;

•

fluctuations in the value of the South African rand and inflation rates in the countries in which we conduct business;

•

economic, social, political and other conditions and developments in South Africa and globally; and

•

our ability to access the capital markets in the future.

Our Corporate Information

Karooooo Pte. Ltd. was incorporated in Singapore on May 19, 2018 as a private limited company (Company Registration No. 201817157Z) under the Companies Act (Chapter 50) of Singapore (the “Singapore Companies Act”). Pursuant to the terms of the Corporate Reorganization that will be completed prior to the closing of this offering, Karooooo Pte. Ltd., as the majority shareholder of Cartrack Holdings Limited, will acquire all of the outstanding ordinary shares held by minority shareholders and, as a result, Cartrack Holdings Limited will become a wholly-owned subsidiary of Karooooo Pte. Ltd. In addition, prior to the closing of this offering, we intend to convert Karooooo Pte. Ltd. from a Singapore private limited company to a Singapore public limited company. Upon such conversion, the registrant will be known as Karooooo Ltd. See “Corporate Reorganization.”

Our registered office is located at 10 Anson Road, #12-14, International Plaza, Singapore 079903. Our telephone number at this location is +65 6255 4151. Our principal executive office is located at 11 Keyes Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg, 2196, South Africa. Our telephone number at this location is +27 11 250 3000. Our principal website is . The information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus, and you should not consider information contained on our website to be a part of this prospectus or in deciding whether to purchase our ordinary shares.

Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company

As a company with less than $1.07 billion in revenue during our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”). An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other burdens that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include:

•

a requirement to have only two years of audited financial statements and only two years of related Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations disclosure;

•

an exemption from the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), in the assessment of our internal control over financial reporting;

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•

reduced disclosure about our executive compensation arrangements in our periodic reports, proxy statements and registration statements; and

•

exemptions from the requirements of holding non-binding advisory votes on executive compensation and golden parachute arrangements.

We may take advantage of these provisions for up to five years or such earlier time that we are no longer an emerging growth company. We would cease to be an emerging growth company upon (A) the last day of the fiscal year in which we had more than $1.07 billion in annual revenue, (B) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the rules of the SEC, which means the market value of our ordinary shares held by non-affiliates exceeds $700.0 million as of the prior August 31, or (C) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt over a three-year period. We may choose to take advantage of some but not all of these reduced burdens. To the extent that we take advantage of these reduced reporting burdens, the information that we provide shareholders may be different than you might obtain from other public companies in which you hold equity interests.

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THE OFFERING

Issuer

Karooooo Pte. Ltd.

Selling shareholder

(the “Selling Shareholder”).

Ordinary shares offered by us

ordinary shares.

Ordinary shares offered by the Selling Shareholder

ordinary shares (or ordinary shares if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares).

Offering price range

Between $ and $ per ordinary share.

Over-allotment option

The Selling Shareholders have granted to the underwriters an option, exercisable for 30 days from the date of this prospectus, to purchase up to additional ordinary shares at the public offering price listed on the cover page of this prospectus, less underwriting discounts and commissions. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of ordinary shares. See “Use of Proceeds.”

Ordinary shares to be outstanding before and after this offering

As of the date of this prospectus, our issued and outstanding share capital consists of ordinary shares (after giving effect to the Corporate Reorganization).

Immediately after the offering, we will have ordinary shares outstanding (whether or not the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares).

Voting rights

Our ordinary shares have one vote per share.

Dividend policy

We cannot assure you that we will pay any dividends to holders of our ordinary shares, or as to the amount of any such dividends if our board of directors determines to do so. The board of directors of Cartrack Holdings Limited, our direct, wholly-owned subsidiary, declared and paid an aggregate amount of R104.7 million in dividends to its shareholders for the year ended February 29, 2020. Any future determination to pay cash dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on many factors, including general and economic conditions, our financial condition and operating results, our available cash and current and anticipated cash needs, capital requirements, contractual, legal, tax and regulatory restrictions, including restrictive covenants contained in our financing agreements, the ability of our subsidiaries to distribute funds to us and such other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant. See “Dividends and Dividend Policy.”

Lock-up agreements

We have agreed with the underwriters, subject to certain exceptions, not to offer, pledge, sell, or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any ordinary shares or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for any ordinary shares during the 180-day period following the date of this prospectus. Members of our board of directors, our executive officers and the Selling Shareholder has agreed to substantially similar lock-up provisions, subject to certain exceptions.

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Listing

We intend to apply to list our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, or Nasdaq under the symbol “ .”

The ordinary shares of Cartrack Holdings Limited are currently listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (the “JSE”) under the symbol “CTK.”

In connection with our Corporate Reorganization, Cartrack Holdings Limited is expected to delist from the JSE and we intend to apply for a secondary listing of our ordinary shares on the JSE under the symbol “ .”

Use of proceeds

We estimate that the net proceeds to us from the offering will be approximately $ , based on the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and expenses of the offering that are payable by us. We intend to use the net proceeds from the offering for general corporate purposes. See “Use of Proceeds.”

We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of ordinary shares by the Selling Shareholder.

Risk factors

Investing in our ordinary shares involves risks. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 15 of this prospectus for a discussion of factors you should carefully consider before deciding to invest in our ordinary shares.

Unless otherwise indicated, all information contained in this prospectus assumes the consummation, prior to the closing of this offering, of the Corporate Reorganization. See “Corporate Reorganization.”

Unless otherwise indicated, all information in this prospectus assumes:

•

no exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase up to additional ordinary shares from the Selling Shareholder to cover over-allotments, if any; and

•

an initial public offering price of $ per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus.

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SUMMARY FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION

The following summary financial information should be read in conjunction with the sections entitled “Presentation of Financial Information” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements of Karooooo Pte. Ltd., including the notes thereto, included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our historical consolidated financial statements were prepared to give effect to (i) the common control transaction in which Karooooo Pte. Ltd. acquired a controlling stake in Cartrack Holdings Limited and (ii) the conversion of a shareholder loan from our founder and chief executive officer, Isaias (Zak) Jose Calisto, to Karooooo Pte. Ltd. into ordinary shares of Karooooo Pte. Ltd., which took place on November 18, 2020.

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. The summary consolidated historical financial information presented as at and for the years ended February 29, 2020 and February 28, 2019 has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements of Karooooo Pte. Ltd. included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our historical results for any prior period are not necessarily indicative of results expected in any future period.

	For the year ended February 29 or 28,
	2020		2020		2019
	U.S.$ millions(1)		R millions		R millions
Consolidated Statement of Profit and Loss:
Revenue		124.2		1,941.9		1,692.7
Cost of sales		(36.8)		(574.8)		(484.7)
Gross profit		87.4		1,367.1		1,208.0
Other income		0.1		1.9		6.3
Expected credit losses on financial assets		(3.5)		(54.9)		(45.2)
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing		(11.4)		(177.9)		(177.4)
General and administration		(29.6)		(462.5)		(443.6)
Research and development		(2.9)		(44.9)		(48.3)
Total operating expenses		(43.9)		(685.3)		(669.2)
Operating profit		40.1		628.8		499.9
Finance income		0.2		2.6		2.7
Finance costs		(1.1)		(16.8)		(31.4)
Profit before taxation		39.2		614.6		471.2
Taxation		(10.9)		(171.1)		(110.2)
Profit for the year		28.3		443.5		361.0
Profit attributable to:
Owners of the parent		18.5		289.9		236.9
Non-controlling interest		9.8		153.6		124.1
Pro Forma Data of Karooooo Pte. Ltd.(2):
Pro forma earnings per share

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	For the year ended February 29 or 28,
	2020	2020	2019
	U.S.$ millions(1)	R millions	R millions
Basic
Diluted
Pro forma weighted average number of shares outstanding (thousands)
Basic
Diluted

(1)

For convenience purposes only, amounts in South African rand as at February 29, 2020 have been translated to U.S. dollars using an exchange rate of R15.6360 to U.S.$1.00, the exchange rate for U.S. dollars at February 29, 2020 as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. These translations should not be considered representations that any such amounts have been, could have been or could be converted at that or any other exchange rate. See “Exchange Rates” for further information about recent fluctuations in exchange rates.

(2)

The pro forma weighted average number of shares outstanding has been calculated as if the ownership structure resulting from the Corporate Reorganization was in place since inception. The Corporate Reorganization will eliminate the non-controlling interest in Cartrack Holdings Limited. Since Cartrack Holdings Limited is already consolidated within the consolidated financial statements of Karooooo Pte. Ltd., the difference between the purchase price and the carrying value of the non-controlling interest will be reflected within equity. Based on an assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and assuming that the Corporate Reorganization had taken place as of , this would have reduced net assets by R million. Furthermore if the Corporate Reorganization had taken place on March 1, 2019, all profits for the period would have been attributable to shareholders of the parent.

	As at February 29 or 28,
	2020		2020		2019
	U.S.$ millions(1)		R millions		R millions
Consolidated Statement of Financial Position Data:
Non-current assets		81.7		1,277.8		1,048.3
Current assets		36.3		567.5		480.8
Total assets		118.0		1,845.3		1,529.1
Non-current liabilities		13.6		213.2		321.2
Current liabilities		26.0		407.0		370.3
Total liabilities		39.6		620.2		691.5
Total equity		78.4		1,225.1		837.6

(1)

For convenience purposes only, amounts in South African rand as of February 29, 2020 have been translated to U.S. dollars using an exchange rate of R15.6360 to U.S.$1.00, the exchange rate for U.S. dollars at February 29, 2020 as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. These translations should not be considered representations that any such amounts have been, could have been or could be converted at that or any other exchange rate. See “Exchange Rates” for further information about recent fluctuations in exchange rates.

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	For the Year Ended February 28/29,
	2020		2020		2019
	(in U.S.$ millions, except Subscribers and Free Cash Flow Margin)(1)		(in R millions, except Subscribers and Free Cash Flow Margin)
Key Business Metrics:
Subscribers (as of end of period)(2)		1,126.5		1,126.5		960.8
Subscription Revenue(3)		120.7		1,887.7		1,520.5
Adjusted EBITDA(4)		62.0		968.7		761.4
Free Cash Flow(5)		32.8		512.5		50.2
Free Cash Flow Margin(5)		26.4%		26.4%		3.0%

(1)

(2)

We define the number of subscribers at the end of any particular period as the total number of vehicles or other assets using our platform at the end of such period.

(3)

Represents revenue from the sale of subscriptions to our SaaS platform.

(4)

We define Adjusted EBITDA as profit less finance income plus finance costs, taxation, depreciation and amortization (including amortization of capitalized commission costs) and corporate expenses of Karooooo Pte. Ltd. relating to bank charges, custody fees, legal and professional fees, loan arrangement fees, certain withholding taxes and exchange losses. In addition to our results determined in accordance with IFRS, we believe Adjusted EBITDA, a non-IFRS measure, is useful in evaluating our operating performance. We use Adjusted EBITDA in our operational and financial decision-making and believe Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors because similar measures are frequently used by securities analysts, investors, ratings agencies and other interested parties to evaluate our competitors and to measure profitability. However, non-IFRS financial information is presented for supplemental informational purposes only, has limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for financial information presented in accordance with IFRS. Investors are encouraged to review the related IFRS financial measure and the reconciliation of this non-IFRS financial measure to its most directly comparable IFRS financial measure, and not to rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business.

	For the Year Ended February 28/29,
	2020		2019
	(in R thousands)
Profit for the Year		443,526		361,048
Less: Finance Income		(2,592)		(2,749)
Add: Finance Costs		16,831		31,438
Add: Taxation		171,062		110,182
Add: Depreciation and Amortization		295,762		238,515
EBITDA		924,589		738,434
Add: Amortization of Capitalized Commission Costs		31,262		22,996
Add: Corporate(6)		12,896		—
Adjusted EBITDA		968,747		761,430

(5)

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margin, which are non-IFRS measures, are useful in evaluating our operating performance. We believe that free cash flow and free cash flow margin are useful indicators of liquidity and the ability of the company to turn revenues into free cash flow, respectively, that provide information to management and investors about the amount of cash generated from our operations that, after the investments in property and equipment and capitalized internal-use software, can be used for strategic initiatives, including investing in our business, and strengthening our financial position. However, non-IFRS financial information is presented for supplemental informational purposes only, has limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for financial information presented in accordance with IFRS. Investors are encouraged to review the related IFRS financial measure and the reconciliation of this non-IFRS financial measure to its most directly comparable IFRS financial measure, and not to rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business.

	For the Year Ended February 28/29,
	2020		2019
	(in R thousands, except free cash flow margin)
Net Cash Generated from Operating Activities		901,224		472,258
Less: Purchase of Property, Plant and Equipment		(388,723)		(422,061)
Free Cash Flow		512,501		50,197
Free Cash Flow Margin		26.4%		3.0%

(6)

We define Corporate as the corporate expenses of Karooooo Pte. Ltd. which include bank charges, custody fees, legal and professional fees, loan arrangement fees, certain withholding taxes and exchange losses.

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RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below and the other information in this prospectus before making an investment in our ordinary shares. Our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected if any of these risks occurs, and as a result, the market price of our ordinary shares could decline and you could lose all or part of your investment. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us, or which we currently deem immaterial, may also adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. This prospectus also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Our actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including the risks described below and elsewhere in this prospectus.

Risks Relating to Our Business and Operations

We may not be able to add new subscribers, which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to grow our business and increase revenue.

We market and sell our mobility data analytics solutions to a wide range of customers, from consumers and sole proprietors to small and medium-sized businesses and large enterprises. To grow our revenue, we must continue to add new customers and subscribers. We intend to increase new subscription sales by increasing penetration in our existing markets and with existing customers, upgrading and enhancing our platform and solutions and by opportunistically entering new markets that represent a potential source of demand. Our success in adding new subscribers may be tied to a number of factors, including demand for our SaaS platform, the rate of new vehicle sales, the success of our sales and marketing campaigns, our ability to generate leads, our relationships with channel partners, price and service competition, general economic conditions and, in the case of our safety and security services, the real and perceived threat of vehicle theft and discounts offered by insurers for risk mitigation.

Selling to consumers or sole proprietors and small business customers may, in some instances, be more difficult than selling to medium-sized businesses and large enterprise customers. Consumers and sole proprietors and small businesses may have higher default rates, are price sensitive, may be difficult to reach with targeted sales campaigns and may have higher churn rates in part because of the scale of their businesses and the ease of switching solutions.

On the other hand, the typical sales cycle for medium-sized businesses and large enterprises may be longer than that of our consumer and sole proprietor and small business customers. These customers may have more complex business, operational, procurement and integration requirements and their scale may result in less favorable contract terms. A number of factors influence the length and variability of our sales cycle, including the need to educate potential customers about the uses and benefits of our solutions, the discretionary nature of purchasing and budget cycles, and the competitive nature of evaluation and purchasing approval processes. It may be difficult for us to predict the timing of when we will enter into subscription contracts with medium-sized businesses and large enterprises and how quickly such contracts can be implemented. This could make the timing of our revenues uncertain and difficult to predict.

We may not be able to retain or drive margin expansion with our existing customers, which could adversely affect our financial results.

We generally sell our SaaS platform pursuant to subscription agreements with an initial minimum term of 36 months. The majority of these agreements provide for automatic renewal on a month-to-month basis thereafter unless the customer elects otherwise. Our customers have no obligation to renew these agreements after the expiration of the initial term or any renewal term. If our efforts to satisfy our existing customers are not successful, we may not be able to retain them or expand our relationship with them and, as a result, our revenue and growth could be materially and adversely affected.

Customers may choose to cancel or not renew their subscriptions for a number of reasons, including the belief that our solutions are not required for their personal or business needs or are otherwise not cost-effective, a desire to reduce discretionary spending, a belief that our competitors’ solutions provide better value, or economic downturn in their industries or the geography in which they operate, and customers

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may not renew their subscriptions when they refresh their fleet with new vehicles. Large enterprise customers may also decrease the number of vehicles covered by subscription contracts if their fleet sizes decrease. Additionally, our customers may cancel or not renew for reasons entirely out of our control, such as the dissolution of their business or personal financial distress.

Part of our growth strategy is to retain customers and drive margin expansion by providing enhanced and additional software solutions to our existing customers while keeping our costs low. Our ability to provide an advanced software platform to existing customers in a cost-effective manner will depend in significant part on our ability to anticipate industry evolution, practices and standards and to continue to enhance our platform and existing software solutions, such as integration with fuel cards, GPS navigation devices, as well as various third-party software and products manufactured by original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs, or partnership with vehicle insurance providers, or to introduce or acquire new software features on a timely basis to keep pace with technological developments both within our industry and in related industries, including integration with developing technologies and platforms such as artificial intelligence (“AI”), machine learning and big data analytics. However, we may prove unsuccessful either in developing new software features or in expanding the third-party software and products with which our SaaS platform integrates, and such third-party software and products may become incompatible or replace our solutions, and such efforts may not be cost-effective. See “— Our platform integrates with third-party technologies and if our platform becomes incompatible with these technologies, our platform would lose functionality and flexibility and our customer acquisition and retention could be adversely affected.” In addition, the success of any enhancement or new feature depends on several factors, including the timely completion, introduction and market acceptance of the enhancement or feature. Any new software applications or features we develop or acquire might not be introduced in a timely or cost-effective manner and might not achieve the broad market acceptance necessary to generate significant revenue. If any of our competitors implements new technologies before we are able to implement them, better anticipates the innovation and integration opportunities in related industries or implements them in a more cost-effective manner, those competitors may be able to provide more effective or less expensive solutions than ours, which may also negatively affect our ability to retain our existing customers and drive margin expansion.

The effects of a pandemic or widespread outbreak of an illness, such as the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the global economy, disrupted supply chains and created significant volatility in global financial markets. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will impact our business will depend on a number evolving factors, including the duration and spread of the pandemic, actions taken by governmental authorities to restrict certain business operations and social activity, impose travel restrictions or other actions, the impact of the pandemic on economic activity and consumer demand, the ability of our supply chain to deliver in a timely and cost-effective manner, the ability of our employees to operate efficiently and effectively and the continued viability and financial stability of our customers, all of which remain uncertain. In particular, the COVID-19 pandemic could affect our ability to collect payments under our subscription contracts, retain existing customers and increase sales to new customers. Most recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in limited capacity to install the in-vehicle IoT technology resulting from the various regional lockdown restrictions, and we were unable to deploy recently recruited talent currently stationed in Singapore into the Asia-Pacific region to drive growth. An extended period of global and economic disruption resulting from this pandemic and its effects could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. To the extent the COVID-19 pandemic further adversely affects our business, financial condition and results of operations, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section.

Our inability to adapt to rapid technological change in our industry and related industries could impair our ability to remain competitive and adversely affect our results of operations.

The industry in which we compete, and related industries, are characterized by rapid technological change, frequent introductions of new applications and evolving industry standards. In addition to the telematics or fleet management industry, we are subject to changes in the automotive software and technology industry with rapid technological advancement to mobile handsets, multi-functional driver terminals, on

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board cameras, advanced driver-assistance systems (“ADAS”) and workflow management software. As the technology used in each of these industries evolves, we will face new integration and competition challenges. For example, as mobile handsets have evolved to include GPS tracking technology, they have become competitors against our solutions. Additionally, ADAS technology, with embedded artificial intelligence, may have features that are similar to or overlap with our solutions. Furthermore, major gains in fuel efficiency and electronic automobiles may lead to a relative decrease in the demonstrable return on investment of our solutions as perceived by our customers. If we are unable to adapt to rapid technological change, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our ability to remain competitive.

Our platform integrates with third-party technologies and if our platform becomes incompatible with these technologies, our platform would lose functionality and flexibility and our customer acquisition and retention could be adversely affected.

Our platform integrates with third-party software and devices to allow our platform to perform key functions. For example, we offer integration with work flow software products, such as business intelligence software, enterprise resource planning systems, routing and scheduling and freight management logistics billing systems, among others. Although to date this integration has been accomplished using application programming interfaces (“API”), other open software interfaces and simple physical linkages, we cannot guarantee that this ease of integration will continue or that we will be able to integrate with other products as easily or without additional cost. Newer vehicles and devices may be developed which include different ports and do not allow for our platform to be integrated through simple physical linkages. Errors, viruses or bugs may be present in third-party software that our customers use in conjunction with our platform. Changes to third-party software that our customers use in conjunction with our platform could also render our platform inoperable. Customers may conclude that our software is the cause of these errors, bugs or viruses and terminate their subscriptions. The inability to easily integrate with, or any defects in, any third-party software could result in increased costs, or in delays in software releases or updates to our platform until such issues have been resolved, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and future prospects and could damage our reputation.

Our software solutions rely on cellular (GSM/LTE) and GNSS (including GPS, Glonass, Galileo) or regionally equivalent networks (including QZSS) and any disruption, failure or increase in costs could impede our profitability and harm our financial results.

Two critical links in our current solutions are between telematics devices and GPS or equivalent Global Navigation Satellite Systems (“GNSS”) such as Glonass, Galileo and Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (“QZSS”) and between telematics devices and cellular networks, which allow us to obtain location data and transmit it to our system. Increases in the fees charged by cellular carriers for data transmission or changes in the cellular networks, such as a cellular carrier discontinuing support of the network currently used by our telematics devices, requiring retrofitting of our telematics devices could increase our costs and impact our profitability. We have initiated activities to migrate new installations to the next generation of cellular network compatibility in order to maximize expected useful life of our telematics devices, however, cellular carriers could in the future migrate allotted bandwidth from one network to another. Also, while we have included the ability to store GPS data in our telematics devices in case of temporary cellular network connectivity failure, widespread disruptions or extended failures of the cellular networks would materially and adversely affect our solutions’ functionality and utility and harm our financial results.

GPS-equivalent services like Glonass, Galileo and QZSS are satellite-based positioning systems consisting of a constellation of orbiting satellites. These satellites and their ground support systems are complex electronic systems subject to electronic and mechanical failures and possible sabotage and it is not certain that the various government agencies will remain committed to the operation and maintenance of such satellites over a long period. In addition, technologies that rely on GPS or Glonass, Galileo and QZSS depend on the use of radio frequency bands and any modification of the permitted uses of these bands may adversely affect the functionality of such satellites and, in turn, our solutions. The GPS satellites and their ground control and monitoring stations are maintained and operated by the U.S. Department of Defense. The Department of Defense does not currently charge users for access to the satellite signals, but we cannot assure you that they will not do so in the future. It is also possible that that agencies that operate GPS-equivalent services like Glonass, Galileo and QZSS begin to charges users for access. Any such disruption,

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failure or increase in costs could impede the functionality and/or cost of our solutions which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The 5G market may take longer to materialize than we expect or, if it does materialize rapidly, we may not be able to meet customer expectations and timelines.

Growth of the 5G market and its emerging standards, including the newly defined 5G NR (New Radio) standard, is accelerating. If the market materializes faster than expected, we may have difficulty introducing new solutions in a timely manner to meet customer demands. The 5G market may require us to design hardware that meets certain technical specifications. We may have difficulty meeting such specifications on the timelines expected. 5G markets will develop at different rates and we may encounter challenges to varying degrees in different countries. If are unable to manage challenges related to 5G markets and related opportunities, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our inability to successfully recover should we experience a disaster or other business continuity problem could cause material financial loss, loss of human capital, regulatory actions, reputational harm or legal liability.

Should we experience a local or regional disaster or other business continuity problem, such as an earthquake, hurricane, terrorist attack, pandemic, security breach, power loss, telecommunications failure or other natural or man-made disaster, our continued success will depend, in part, on the availability of personnel, office facilities, and the proper functioning of computer, telecommunication and other related systems and operations. We could potentially experience material adverse interruptions to our operations or delivery of services to clients in a disaster recovery scenario.

For example, due to historic levels of relative under-investment in infrastructure, in particular, electricity, the South African government has previously implemented electricity rationing and planned blackouts. Although we have made contingent arrangements for use of generators at our various locations, the lack of a proper supply of electricity could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Even with our disaster recovery arrangements, our services could be interrupted. Our suppliers and customers are also subject to the risk of catastrophic events. In those events, our ability to deliver our services in a timely manner, as well as the demand for our solutions, may be adversely impacted by factors outside our control. If our systems were to fail or be negatively impacted as a result of a natural disaster, pandemic or other catastrophic event, our ability to deliver our services to our customers would be impaired, our reputation could suffer and we could be subject to contractual penalties.

The market for SaaS fleet management solutions is highly fragmented and competitive. If we do not compete effectively in such markets, our operating results may be harmed.

The market for SaaS fleet management solutions, including tracking and mobility solutions is highly fragmented, consisting of a significant number of vendors, competitive and rapidly changing. Competition in such markets is based primarily on the level of difficulty in installing, using and maintaining solutions, total cost of ownership, product performance, functionality, interoperability, brand and reputation, distribution channels, industries and the financial resources of the vendor. We expect competition in such markets to intensify in the future with the introduction of new technologies and market entrants.

The market for SaaS fleet management solutions is highly competitive. Our growth will depend in part on a combination of the continued growth in the market for these solutions, our ability to increase our market share, and our customers’ continued operation in the regions in which we operate. We compete with a number of companies in each of the geographic markets in which we operate, some of which have established sizable market shares in the relevant markets. We expect competition to intensify in the future with the introduction of new technologies, the use of mobile devices and new market entrants from outside the telematics industry, such as enterprise software vendors or large technology companies expanding into the space. As competition intensifies, we expect that price competition for telematics solutions, including SaaS fleet management solutions, will intensify, which could cause our revenues to decline and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

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For example, mobile service providers and global software platforms, such as Google, provide limited services at lower prices or at no charge, such as basic GPS based mapping, tracking and turn-by-turn navigation that could be expanded or further developed to more directly compete with our SaaS fleet management solutions. In addition, wireless carriers, such as Verizon, offer SaaS fleet management solutions that benefit from the carrier’s scale and cost advantages, which we may be unable to match. Similarly, vehicle OEMs may provide factory embedded or after-market installed devices and effectively compete against us directly or indirectly by partnering with other fleet management service providers. Furthermore, companies such as Google, Amazon and others, have substantially greater financial, technical and marketing resources, relationships with large vendor partners, larger global presence, larger customer bases, longer operating histories, greater brand recognition and more established relationships than we do and may decide to compete in the market for SaaS fleet management and telematics solutions.

Such competition could result in reduced operating margins, increased sales and marketing expenses and the loss of market share, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Industry consolidation may give our competitors advantages over us, which could result in a loss of customers and/or a reduction in revenue.

Some of our competitors have made or may make acquisitions or enter into partnerships or other strategic relationships to offer more comprehensive services or achieve greater economies of scale. In addition, new entrants not currently considered competitors may enter our market through acquisitions, partnerships or strategic relationships. Many potential entrants may have competitive advantages over us, such as greater name recognition, longer operating histories, more varied services and larger marketing budgets, as well as greater financial, technical and other resources. Industry consolidation may result in competitors with more compelling service offerings or greater pricing flexibility than we have or business practices that make it more difficult for us to compete effectively, including on the basis of price, sales and marketing programs, technology or service functionality. These pressures could result in a loss of subscribers and/or a reduction in revenue.

Failure of businesses to adopt SaaS fleet management solutions could reduce the demand for our platform.

We derive, and expect to continue to derive, substantial revenue from the sale of subscriptions to customers choosing our SaaS platform. Widespread acceptance and usage of SaaS fleet management solutions is critical to our future revenue growth and success. If the market for SaaS fleet management solutions fails to grow, or grows more slowly than we currently anticipate, demand for our solutions would be negatively affected.

The market for SaaS fleet management solutions is subject to changing customer demand and trends in preferences. Some of the potential factors that could affect interest in and demand for fleet management solutions include:

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the effectiveness and reliability of the software platforms;

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fluctuations in fuel and vehicle maintenance costs, which are significant drivers of customer demand for SaaS fleet management solutions;

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assumptions regarding general mobile workforce inefficiency and the extent to which efficiency can be improved through SaaS fleet management solutions;

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the level of governmental and regulatory burden on the fields of transportation and occupational health and safety;

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the price, performance, features, functionality and availability of solutions that compete with ours; and

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our ability to maintain high levels of customer satisfaction.

Failure of businesses to adopt SaaS fleet management solutions could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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Automotive market conditions and the evolving nature of the automotive industry towards autonomous vehicles could adversely affect demand for our solutions.

New vehicle sales may decline for various reasons, including adverse changes in the general economic environment, a reduction in our customers’ discretionary spending or an increase in new vehicle tariffs, taxes or gas prices. A decline in vehicle production levels or labor disputes affecting the automobile industry in the markets where we operate may also impact the volume of new vehicle sales. A decline in vehicle production levels or sales of new vehicles in the markets in which we operate could result in a long-term decrease in the overall number of vehicles, and consequently, a decrease in our total addressable market, resulting in reduced demand for our solutions which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The automotive industry is also increasingly focused on the development of ADAS technologies, including the utilization of artificial intelligence, with the goal of developing and introducing a commercially viable, fully automated driving experience. There has also been an increase in consumer preferences for mobility on demand (“MoD”) services, such as car and ride-sharing, as opposed to automobile ownership, which may result in a long-term reduction in the number of vehicles per capita and sales of new vehicles. A reduction in the number of vehicles per capita and sales of new vehicles could reduce our addressable market for solutions.

The increase in MoD services has also attracted increased competition from entrants outside the traditional automotive industry. If we do not continue to innovate to develop or acquire new and compelling solutions that capitalize upon new technologies in response to OEM and consumer preferences, this could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

An increase in factory-fitted or embedded telematics technology in new vehicles in our markets could result in reduced demand for our SaaS platform, which could have a material adverse effect on our revenue.

Certain OEMs have begun embedding technology similar to our own technology in new vehicles prior to their initial sale, resulting in products and services that may overlap with our SaaS platform. This may preclude us from increasing sales to customers purchasing such vehicles. Our inability to market and sell our solutions to new customers or partner with OEMs to embed our solutions into their devices prior to their initial sale could have a material adverse effect on our ability to grow our subscriber base and increase revenue.

Our dependence on various lead generation programs could adversely affect our operating results if we need to pay more for such programs or we are unable to attract new customers at the same rate.

We use a number of lead generation channels to promote our SaaS platform, along with inside sales and field sales teams. Significant increases in the costs of one or more of our lead generation channels would increase our overall lead generation costs or cause us to choose less expensive and perhaps less effective channels. For example, a portion of our potential customers locate our website through search engines and social media platforms, representing one of the most efficient means for generating cost-effective customer leads. If search engine companies modify their search algorithms in a manner that reduces the prominence of our listing, or if our competitors’ search engine optimization efforts are more successful than ours, fewer potential customers may click through to our website or lead pages. In addition, the cost of purchased listings has increased in the past and may continue to increase in the future. Additionally, in regions where we are reliant on inside sales and field sales teams, an increase in labor costs may increase our lead generation costs and cost of customer acquisition. As we add to or change the mix of our lead generation strategies, we may need to expand into channels with significantly higher costs than our current channels, which could have a material adverse effect on our cost of subscriber acquisition and results of operations. If we are unable to maintain effective advertising programs, our ability to attract new customers could be materially and adversely affected, our advertising and marketing expenses could increase substantially further affecting our results of operations.

If we are unable to successfully convert customer sales leads into customers on a cost-effective basis, our revenue and results of operations would be adversely affected.

We generate substantially all of our revenue from the sale of subscriptions to our SaaS platform. In order to grow, we must continue to efficiently and cost effectively convert customer leads, many of whom

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have not previously used SaaS fleet management platforms, into customers. We rely on our inside sales team and our field sales representatives to drive cost-effective conversion of customer leads into customers. To execute our growth plan, we must continue to attract and retain highly qualified inside sales and field sales personnel. We may experience difficulty in hiring, training and retaining highly skilled inside sales and field sales personnel. An inability to convert customer sales leads into customers on a cost-effective basis could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. See “— The loss of one or more of our key management team members or personnel, or our failure to attract, train and retain other highly qualified personnel, could harm our business.”

An actual or perceived reduction in vehicle theft may adversely impact demand for certain of our applications, which could result in a loss of customers and a decline in growth.

Demand for our vehicle tracking and asset recovery solutions is influenced by prevailing or expected vehicle theft rates. Vehicle theft rates may decline as a result of various factors, such as the availability of improved security systems, implementation of improved or more effective law enforcement measures and improved economic or political conditions in markets that have high theft rates. If vehicle theft rates in our markets decline significantly, or if vehicle owners or insurance companies believe that vehicle theft rates have declined or are expected to decline, demand for some of our SaaS platform applications may decline, which could result in a loss of customers and a decline in growth.

We are subject to the risk of defaults by our customers.

Entering into subscription agreements with customers, particularly consumers and sole proprietors whose credit may not be as strong as our large enterprise clients, exposes us to credit risk in the event of customer defaults, and we may not be paid all amounts due under our subscription agreements. In deciding whether to enter into subscription agreements with prospective customers, we may rely on information furnished by or on behalf of them. We may also rely on representations of those prospective customers as to the accuracy and completeness of that information. The inaccuracy of such information or representations affects our ability to accurately evaluate the credit risk of a customer, and an increase in the default rates of our customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We provide minimum service level commitments to certain of our customers, and our failure to meet them could cause us to issue credits for future subscriptions, which could harm our results of operations.

Certain of our subscription agreements currently, and may in the future, provide minimum service level commitments regarding items such as unit and platform uptime, functionality, platform performance or operational turnaround times. If we are unable to meet the stated service level commitments for these subscribers or suffer extended periods of service unavailability, we are or may be contractually obligated to provide these subscribers with credits for future subscriptions, provide services at no cost, which could adversely impact our revenue.

Risks Relating to Our Reliance on Third Parties

The conduct of security officers engaged in stolen vehicle recovery (“SVR”) operations in support of our services from time to time involves the use of force, which could expose the Company to reputational harm or, potentially, civil and/or criminal liability.

We work with local law enforcement authorities and licensed security officers to recover our customers’ stolen vehicles. These recovery teams are armed and undergo training on recovery procedures including confrontation measures and the controlled use of force in response to threats, including being the target of gunfire by car theft suspects.

SVR operations in South Africa, which are provided in connection with our services, are conducted under an arm’s length agreement by a third party service provider, which until August 2020 was 49% owned by Cartrack. On August 31, 2020, we sold our 49% interest in the business to the majority shareholder. Our agreement requires the service provider to comply with local law and our policies and procedures related to SVR operations.

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Since March 1, 2018, less than 0.1% of SVR operations conducted on our behalf have resulted in injury or death, including as a result of weapons discharge, with such operations resulting in three fatalities and five other injuries occurring during this time. While in each of these incidents local law enforcement authorities determined that the security personnel engaged in the action acted lawfully and in compliance with our policies and procedures, there can be no assurance that a later determination will not find fault on the part of such security personnel.

In light of the nature of SVR operations, future incidents in which force is required are likely to occur. If the security personnel engaged in such SVR operations are found to be at fault in any similar incident in the future, it could result in civil and/or criminal liability for us, including monetary damages or other penalties. Even if we are not found liable, we could suffer reputational harm if we are negatively associated with such incidents. While we have policies and procedures in place governing the use of force by our service provider, there can be no assurance that these policies and procedures, even if followed, would entirely mitigate any resulting reputational harm or civil and/or criminal liability resulting from any incident.

Our financial results are affected directly by the operating results of our licensees and their employees, over whom we do not have direct control.

Our operations in Botswana, Malawi, Rwanda, Eswatini and Zimbabwe, which are conducted by independent businesses that are licensees pursuant to franchise agreements with us, comprised 0.4% of our revenue in the year ended February 29, 2020. Our licensees generate revenue in the form of hardware and subscription revenue billed to customers. Accordingly, our financial results depend in part upon the operational and financial success of our licensees. We may have to terminate licensees due to various reasons, including non-payment. Additionally, if licensees fail to renew their license agreements, or if we decide to restructure license agreements in order to induce licensees to renew these agreements, then our revenues may decrease, and profitability from new licensees may be lower than in the past due to reduced royalties and other incentives we may need to provide.

We rely in part on our licensees and the manner in which they operate their locations to develop and promote our business in Botswana, Malawi, Rwanda, Eswatini and Zimbabwe. Although we have developed criteria to evaluate and screen prospective licensees, we cannot be certain that our licensees will have the business acumen or financial resources necessary to operate successful businesses in their franchise areas and local laws may limit our ability to terminate or modify these franchise agreements. Moreover, despite our training, support and monitoring, licensees may not successfully operate in a manner consistent with our standards and requirements, or may not hire and train qualified personnel. The failure of our licensees to operate their franchises successfully could have a material adverse effect on us, our reputation, our brand and our ability to attract prospective licensees and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our licensees and their employees could take actions that could harm our business.

Our licensees are independent businesses and the employees who work for our licensees are not our employees, and we do not exercise control over their day-to-day operations. Our licensees may not operate their businesses in a manner consistent with industry standards, or may not attract and retain qualified employees. If licensees were to provide diminished quality of service to customers, engage in fraud, misappropriation, misconduct or negligence or otherwise violate the law, including with respect to any laws relating to sanctions, our brand and reputation may suffer materially and we may become subject to liability claims based upon such actions of our licensees and their employees.

Brand value can be severely damaged even by isolated incidents, particularly if the incidents receive considerable negative publicity or result in litigation. Some of these incidents may relate to the way we manage our relationship with our licensees, our growth strategies or the ordinary course of our business or our licensees’ business. Other incidents may arise from events that are or may be beyond our control and may damage our brand, such as actions taken (or not taken) by one or more licensees or their employees relating to health, safety, welfare or other matters; litigation and claims; failure to maintain high ethical and social standards for all of our operations and activities; failure to comply with local laws and regulations; and illegal activity targeted at us or others. Our brand value could diminish significantly if any such incidents

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or other matters erode consumer confidence in us, which may result in a decrease in our revenue, which in turn would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We depend on certain key component suppliers and vendors as part of our hardware manufacturing process. An interruption in the supply of components could impair our production capacity and affect hardware manufacturing output adversely affecting distribution.

The manufacturing of our core hardware requires advanced production planning, including the purchasing of specific components and evaluation of component-related design elements. We currently purchase the latest GSM (“Global System for Mobile” communications), including Long-Term Evolution (“LTE”), module components of our hardware, semiconductors and other passive components from certain third-party suppliers, and we also source our cameras from third-party suppliers. In addition, we currently depend principally on certain third-party suppliers to supply and manufacture components of our hardware for our PC boards and to manufacture our GSM, LTE and GNSS components. These modules and many of the other components used in the manufacture of our devices have extended lead times on orders. We do not have contracts or volume commitments in place with our third-party suppliers but instead place purchase orders on a periodic as-needed basis. These suppliers could, among other things, extend delivery times, raise prices and limit supply due to their own shortages and business requirements. While our hardware is designed such that components may be interchanged in case of supply disruptions or unavailability, any interruptions or delays in the supply of components could require us to identify and integrate our manufacturing logistics with an alternate supplier or use a substitute component. If the facilities of one of our contract manufacturers were to suffer a major casualty event, it could take up to three months or longer to replace production capacity. Interruption in the supply of components from our contract manufacturers could impair our production capacity, and further, we may not have recourse against our suppliers through contractual representations, warranties, indemnification provisions or otherwise, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Relating to Our Growth Strategy

We have experienced growth in recent periods. If we fail to manage our growth effectively, we may be unable to execute our business plan, maintain high levels of service or address competitive challenges adequately.

We increased the number of our full-time employees from 2,338 at February 28, 2019 to 2,536 at February 29, 2020. Our subscription revenue increased from R1,521 million for the year ended February 28, 2019 to R1,888 million for the year ended February 29, 2020 and our total subscribers increased from 960,798 at February 28, 2019 to 1,126,515 at February 29, 2020. Our growth has placed, and may continue to place, a significant pressure on our managerial, administrative, operational, financial and other resources. We intend to further expand our overall business, customer base, headcount and operations. Our global organization and workforce requires substantial management effort to maintain. We will be required to continue to improve our operational and financial controls and reporting procedures and we may not be able to do so effectively. As such, we may be unable to manage our expenses effectively in the future, which may negatively impact our gross profit or operating expenses in any particular quarter.

We may not effectively execute on our expansion strategy, which may adversely affect our ability to maintain our historical growth and earnings trends.

Cartrack has grown rapidly over the last several years. Companies that grow rapidly can experience significant difficulties as a result of rapid growth. Our primary expansion strategy focuses on organic growth, including increased regional market penetration; however, we may not be able to successfully execute on these aspects of our expansion strategy, which may cause our future growth rate to decline below our recent historical levels, or may prevent us from growing at all.

While we operate in numerous jurisdictions and our software platform and local company websites are designed for ease of localizations, we may find it difficult to localize our local company website and software platform into certain foreign languages, and we may be required to invest significant resources in order to do so into markets in which we do not yet operate. We may not succeed in these efforts or achieve our customer acquisition or other goals. In some international markets, customer preferences and buying behaviors may

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be different, and we may use business or pricing models that are different from our traditional subscription model to provide our mobility data analytics solutions to customers in those markets or we may be unsuccessful in implementing the appropriate business model. Our revenue from new foreign markets may not exceed the costs of establishing, marketing, and maintaining our international offerings.

In addition, conducting expanded international operations would subject us to new risks. These risks include:

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localization of our SaaS platform and the specific features and applications, including the addition of foreign languages and adaptation to new local practices and regulatory requirements;

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lack of experience in other geographic markets;

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strong local competitors;

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the cost and burden of complying with, lack of familiarity with, and unexpected changes in, foreign legal and regulatory requirements;

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difficulties in managing and staffing international operations;

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fluctuations in currency exchange rates or restrictions on foreign currency;

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potentially adverse tax consequences, including the complexities of transfer pricing, value-added or other tax systems, double taxation and restrictions and/or taxes on the repatriation of earnings;

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dependence on third parties, including commercial partners with whom we do not have extensive experience;

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increased financial accounting and reporting burdens and complexities;

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political, social, and economic instability, terrorist attacks, pandemics and security concerns in general; and

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reduced or varied protection for intellectual property rights in some countries.

Operating in international markets also requires significant management attention and financial resources. The investment and additional resources required to establish operations and manage growth in other countries may not produce desired levels of revenue or profitability.

Various other factors, such as economic conditions and competition may impede or restrict the growth of our operations. The success of our strategy also depends on our ability to manage our growth effectively, which in turn depends on a number of factors, including our ability to adapt our credit, operational, technology and governance infrastructure to accommodate expanded operations. Even if we are successful in continuing our growth, such growth may not offer the same levels of potential profitability, and we may not be successful in controlling costs relative to revenue. Accordingly, our inability to maintain growth or to effectively manage growth, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Investments into our SaaS platform and technology infrastructure may not yield the desired results.

We have developed a scalable and proprietary SaaS platform to facilitate and integrate our business operations, data gathering analysis and online marketing capabilities and have invested significant capital and time into building and updating our SaaS platform and infrastructure. In order to remain competitive, we expect to continue to make significant investments into our technology. However, there is no guarantee that the capital and resources we have invested or will invest in the future will allow us to develop suitable SaaS platform enhancements or software applications or maintain and expand our SaaS platform and technology infrastructure as intended, which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete or require us to purchase expensive software solutions from third-party developers.

If our investments in our SaaS platform and technology infrastructure do not yield the desired results, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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If we fail to maintain or enhance our brand recognition or reputation, our business could be harmed.

We believe that maintaining and enhancing our brand and our reputation are critical to our relationships with our customers and to our ability to attract new customers. We also believe that our brand and reputation will be increasingly important as competition in our market continues to develop. Our success in this area will depend on a wide range of factors, some of which are beyond our control, including the following:

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the efficacy of our marketing efforts;

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our ability to continue to offer stable, high-quality, innovative and error- and bug-free applications;

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our ability to retain existing customers and attract new customers;

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our ability to maintain high customer service levels and satisfaction;

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our ability to successfully differentiate our applications from those of our competitors;

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actions of competitors and other third parties;

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positive or negative publicity;

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any misuse or perceived misuse of our applications;

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interruptions, delays or attacks on our platform or applications; and

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litigation, legislative or regulatory-related developments.

If our brand promotion activities are not successful, our growth and results of operations may be harmed. Furthermore, negative publicity, whether or not justified, relating to events or activities attributed to us, our employees, our partners or others associated with any of these parties, may tarnish our reputation and reduce the value of our brand. Damage to our reputation and loss of brand equity may reduce demand for our applications and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, any attempts to rebuild our reputation and restore the value of our brand may be costly and time consuming, and such efforts may not ultimately be successful.

The loss of one or more of our key management team members or personnel, or our failure to attract, train and retain other highly qualified personnel, could harm our business.

We depend on the continued service and performance of our senior management team, including our founder and Chief Executive Officer, Isaias (Zak) Jose Calisto. In addition, the sales, customer service-driven and research and development focus of our business is vital to our growth plan and the loss of key personnel could disrupt our operations. To execute our growth plan, we must attract and retain highly qualified personnel. Competition for these employees is intense, and we may not be successful in attracting and retaining qualified personnel with appropriate skills. This is particularly the case in Southeast Asia where there is increased competition for qualified personnel with the appropriate language skills. In addition, new hires require significant training and, in most cases, take significant time before they achieve full productivity. Our recent and planned hires may not become as productive as we expect, and we may be unable to hire or retain sufficient numbers of qualified employees. If we fail to attract, hire and train new personnel, or fail to retain, focus and motivate our current personnel, it could have a material adverse effect on our business and growth prospects.

Our corporate culture has contributed to our success, and if we cannot maintain this culture, we could lose the innovation, creativity and teamwork fostered by our culture, which could harm our business.

We believe that our vertically integrated and customer-centric corporate culture has been an important contributor to our success, which we believe fosters innovation, creativity and teamwork among our employees. As we continue to grow, we may have difficulties in maintaining or adapting our culture to sufficiently meet the needs of our future and evolving operations, and we must be able to effectively integrate, develop and motivate a growing number of employees. In addition, our ability to maintain our culture as a listed company in the United States, with the attendant changes in policies, practices, corporate governance and management requirements may be challenging. In addition, our ability to maintain our culture as a public company, with the attendant changes in policies, practices, corporate governance and management

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requirements may be challenging. Any failure to preserve our culture, particularly if we are unable to preserve our culture across the various markets in which we operate, could also negatively affect our ability to retain and recruit personnel, maintain our performance or execute on our business strategy, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may expand by acquiring or investing in other companies, which may divert our management’s attention, result in dilution to our shareholders, and consume resources that are necessary to sustain our business.

We may in the future acquire complementary platforms, solutions, technologies, or businesses. We also may enter into relationships with other businesses to expand our portfolio of solutions or our ability to provide our solutions in foreign jurisdictions. Negotiating these transactions can be time-consuming, difficult and expensive, and our ability to complete these transactions may often be subject to conditions or approvals that are beyond our control. Consequently, these transactions, even if undertaken and announced, may not close.

An acquisition, investment, joint venture, alliance or new business relationship may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures. In particular, we may encounter difficulties assimilating or integrating the businesses, technologies, solutions, personnel, or operations of acquired companies, particularly if the key personnel of the acquired company choose not to work for us, the acquired company’s technology is not easily adapted to be compatible with ours, or we have difficulty retaining the customers of any acquired business due to changes in management or otherwise. Acquisitions may also disrupt our business, divert our resources, and require significant management attention that would otherwise be available for the development of our business. Moreover, the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, investment, or business relationship may not be realized or we may be exposed to unknown liabilities, including litigation against the companies we may acquire. For one or more of those transactions, we may:

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issue additional equity securities that would dilute our shareholders;

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use cash that we may need in the future to operate our business;

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lose key personnel of any acquired business;

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face challenges in successfully integrating, operating and managing acquired businesses and workforce and instilling our culture into new management and staff;

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incur debt on terms unfavorable to us or that we are unable to repay or that may place burdensome restrictions on our operations;

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incur large charges or substantial liabilities; or

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become subject to adverse tax consequences, or substantial depreciation, deferred compensation or other acquisition-related accounting charges.

Any of these risks could harm our business and results of operations.

We have entered, and expect to continue to enter, into collaboration agreements or partnerships and these activities involve risks and uncertainties.

We have entered, and expect to continue to enter, into collaboration agreements with local partners to the extent required pursuant to local laws and regulations in order to penetrate certain geographic regions to effectively grow our business. Entering into collaborations or partnerships involves risks and uncertainties, including the risk that a given partner could fail to satisfy its obligations, which may result in certain liabilities to us for guarantees and other commitments. Further, since we may not exercise control over our current or future partners, we may not be able to require our partners to take the actions that we believe are necessary to implement our business strategy. Additionally, differences in views among partners may result in delayed decision-making or failure to agree on major issues. If any of these difficulties cause any of our partners to deviate from our business strategy, or if this leads any of our collaborations or partnerships to fail to attract the intended customer base, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

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Risks Relating to Our Intellectual Property, Data Privacy and Cybersecurity

Evolving regulation and changes in applicable laws relating to the Internet and data privacy may increase our expenditures related to compliance efforts or otherwise limit the solutions we can offer, which may harm our business and adversely affect our financial condition.

The transmission of data over the Internet and cellular networks is a critical component of our SaaS business model. As Internet commerce continues to evolve, increased regulation by federal, state or foreign agencies becomes more likely, particularly in the areas of data privacy and data security. In addition, taxation of services provided over the Internet or other charges imposed by government agencies or by private organizations for accessing the Internet may be imposed. Any regulation imposing greater fees for Internet use or restricting information exchange over the Internet could result in a decline in the profitability and viability of Internet-based services, which could harm our business.

Our solutions enable us to collect, manage and store a wide range of data related to fleet management, vehicle location and tracking and other telematics services such as fuel usage, engine temperature, speed and mileage and, in the case of our field service application, includes customer information, job data, schedule and invoice information. A valuable component of our solutions is our ability to analyze this data to present the user with actionable business intelligence. We obtain our data from a variety of sources, including our customers and third-party sources or service providers. We cannot assure you that the data we require for our proprietary data sets will be available from these sources in the future or that the cost of such data will not increase. The United States and various state governments have adopted or proposed limitations on the collection, distribution and use of personal information. Several foreign jurisdictions, including South Africa, Singapore and the European Union, have adopted legislation (including directives or regulations) that increase or change the requirements governing data collection and storage in these jurisdictions. Further, such data privacy laws and regulations may by amended in the future. Any failure to adhere to or successfully implement processes in response to changing regulatory requirements in this area could result in legal liability or impairment to our reputation in the marketplace, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The current European Union legislation related to data protection is the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which came into effect on May 25, 2018. While we appointed a Data Protection Officer to oversee and supervise our compliance with European data protection regulations and have obtained in certain instances data privacy insurance policies and have taken steps to mitigate the risks of GDPR, we cannot provide any assurance that we are in compliance with all aspects of European data protection regulations, including GDPR. Despite our ongoing efforts to bring practices into compliance, we may not be successful either due to various factors within our control, such as limited financial or human resources, or other factors outside of our control. For example, while we seek to enter into data processing agreements with third-parties with whom we share data, or who share data with us, we may be unable to execute agreements with all such-third parties. It is also possible that local data protection authorities may have different interpretations of the GDPR, leading to potential inconsistencies amongst various EU member states.

In Singapore, the Personal Data Protection Act 2012, No. 26 of 2012 of Singapore generally requires organizations to give notice and obtain consents prior to collection, use or disclosure of personal data (data, whether true or not, about an individual who can be identified from that data or other accessible information). The Protection of Personal Information Act, No. 4 of 2013 (the “POPI Act”) was promulgated into law on November 26, 2013 in South Africa and final regulations were published on December 14, 2018. The majority of the POPI Act’s provisions became effective on July 1, 2020. The POPI Act allows a transitional period of one year during which responsible parties (known as “data controllers” in some jurisdictions who are entities which collect and hold certain types of personal information relating to individuals and legal entities, including suppliers, customers and employees) will have the opportunity to put measures in place to comply with the law. The provisions of the POPI Act will apply to each of our South African subsidiaries. We have updated and will continue to evaluate our group data protection and security policies, charters, and procedures to assist in maintaining data privacy and data security in line with international practices. If our privacy or data security measures fail to comply, or are perceived to fail to comply, with current or future laws and regulations, we may be subject to litigation, regulatory investigations or other liabilities.

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Moreover, if future laws and regulations limit our customers’ ability to use and share this data or our ability to store, process and share data with our clients over the Internet, demand for our solution could decrease, our costs could increase, and our results of operations and financial condition could be harmed. For example, we will have to consider the potential implications of the new privacy law in California, the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which went into effect on January 1, 2020. The CCPA creates new rights for consumers and will be widely applicable to businesses (regardless of location) that collect personal information about California residents. The potential effects of this legislation are far reaching and may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and to incur substantial costs and expenses in an effort to comply. The CCPA also provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that may increase the volume of and costs associated data breach litigation. The California Attorney General may also bring enforcement actions under the CCPA resulting in financial penalties for violations.

We also run an insurance broking unit that sells short-term insurance policies and selected vehicle warranty and service plans to our customers. This results in us receiving personally identifiable information with the customer’s consent. This information is increasingly subject to legislation and regulation. This legislation and regulation is generally intended to protect individual privacy and the privacy and security of personal information. We could be adversely affected if government regulations require us to significantly change our business practices with respect to this type of information or if the insurance providers who use our marketplace violate applicable laws and regulations.

Changes in applicable laws and regulations may materially increase our direct and indirect compliance and other expenses of doing business, having a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If there were to be changes to statutory or regulatory requirements, we may be unable to comply fully with or maintain all required licenses and approvals. Regulatory authorities have relatively broad discretion to grant, renew and revoke licenses and approvals. If we do not have all requisite licenses and approvals, or do not comply with applicable statutory and regulatory requirements, the regulatory authorities could preclude or temporarily suspend us from carrying on some or all of our activities or monetarily penalize us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We cannot predict whether any proposed legislation or regulatory changes will be adopted, or what impact, if any, such proposals or, if enacted, such laws could have on our business, results of operations and financial condition. If we fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations, we may be subject to investigations, criminal penalties or civil remedies, including fines, injunctions, loss of an operating license or approval, increased scrutiny or oversight by regulatory authorities, the suspension of individual employees, limitations on engaging in a particular business or redress to customers. The cost of compliance and the consequences of non-compliance could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, a failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition by exposing us to negative publicity and reputational damage or by harming our customer or employee relationships.

In most jurisdictions, government regulatory authorities have the power to interpret and amend applicable laws and regulations, and have discretion to grant, renew and revoke the various licenses and approvals we need to conduct our activities. Such authorities may require us to incur substantial costs in order to comply with such laws and regulations. Regulatory statutes are broad in scope and subject to differing interpretation. In some areas of our businesses, we act on the basis of our own or the industry’s interpretations of applicable laws or regulations, which may conflict from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. In the event those interpretations eventually prove different from the interpretations of regulatory authorities, we may be penalized or precluded from carrying on our previous activities.

Our software platform may contain undetected defects or software errors, which could result in damage to our reputation, market rejection of our products, or adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our continued growth depends in part on the ability of our existing and potential customers to access our solutions and platform capabilities at any time and within an acceptable amount of time. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, disruptions, outages, and other performance problems due to

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a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, introductions of new functionality, human or software errors, capacity constraints due to an overwhelming number of users accessing our platform simultaneously, denial of service attacks, or other security-related incidents. We must update our SaaS platform quickly to keep pace with the rapidly changing market including the third-party software and devices with which our solutions integrate, and we have a history of frequently introducing new versions. Our solutions could contain undetected errors or defects, especially when first introduced or when new versions are released that are difficult to detect and correct despite third-party testing. Our solutions, including software, may not be free from errors or defects, which could result in damage to our reputation or a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

It may become increasingly difficult to maintain and improve our performance, especially during peak usage times and as our solutions and platform capabilities become more complex and our user traffic increases. If our platform is unavailable or if our users are unable to access our solutions and platform capabilities within a reasonable amount of time or at all, we may experience a loss of customers, lost or delayed market acceptance of our platform and solutions, delays in payment to us by customers, injury to our reputation and brand, legal claims against us, and the diversion of our resources. In addition, to the extent that we do not effectively address capacity constraints, upgrade our systems as needed and continually develop our technology and network architecture to accommodate actual and anticipated changes in technology, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

The operation of our hardware is controlled by the firmware loaded on the hardware. We generally provide firmware updates to our customers by “over-the-air” wireless communication of the updated firmware directly to our customers’ telematics devices. If the firmware does not function as expected and prevents the uploading of updated firmware, it would require direct servicing of the installed on-board computer by trained personnel resulting in significant costs. Variations among communications protocols in the markets in which we operate enhance the risk of error in the remote installation of firmware. Although we attempt to manage this risk by introducing firmware updates in stages so that the success of deployment to a small number of telematics devices can be assessed before the installment risk is expanded to a larger customer base, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in detecting firmware operation and integration problems or otherwise in managing our exposure to remediation expense related to the deployment of firmware updates.

Our “over-the-air” transmission of firmware updates could permit a third party to disable our customers’ telematics devices or introduce malware into our customers’ telematics devices, which could expose us to customer claims.

“Over-the-air” transmission of our firmware updates potentially provides the opportunity for a third party to modify or disable our customers’ operating systems or introduce malware into our customers’ operating systems. While no such incidents have occurred to date, there can be no assurance that they will not occur in the future. For example, a third party could attempt to introduce software modifications providing incorrect location data and functionality or the deletion of data. Damage to our customers’ telematics devices as a result of such incidents could only be remedied through direct servicing of their installed telematics devices by trained personnel resulting in significant costs, particularly if the incidents were widespread. Moreover, such incidents could expose us to claims by our customers under various theories of liability, the outcome of which would be uncertain. Third party interference with our over-the-air transmission of firmware or with our customers’ telematics devices during such processes could have a material adverse effect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any significant disruption in service on our SaaS platform or in our computer systems, through cybersecurity breaches, computer viruses or otherwise or disruption of our platform, could damage our reputation and result in a loss of customers, which would harm our business and results of operations.

Our brand, reputation, and ability to attract, retain, and serve our customers are dependent upon the reliable performance of our service and our customers’ ability to access our solutions at all times. Our customers rely on our solutions to make operating decisions related to their fleet, as well as to measure, store and analyze valuable data regarding their businesses. Our solutions are vulnerable to interruption and our data centers are vulnerable to damage or interruption from human error, intentional bad acts, computer

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viruses or hackers, earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires, war, terrorist attacks, power losses, hardware failures, systems failures, telecommunications failures, and similar events, any of which could limit our customers’ ability to access our solutions. Prolonged delays or unforeseen difficulties in connection with adding capacity or upgrading our network architecture may cause our service quality to suffer. Any event that significantly disrupts our service or exposes our data to misuse could damage our reputation and harm our business and results of operations, including reducing our revenue, causing us to issue credits to customers, subjecting us to potential liability, harming our churn rates, or increasing our cost of acquiring new customers.

We host our solutions and serve all of our customers from our network servers, which are principally located at third-party data center facilities in South Africa, Singapore, the Netherlands and United Arab Emirates. While we control and have access to our servers and all of the components of our network that are located in our external data centers, we do not control the operation of these facilities. Problems faced by our third-party data centers, with the telecommunications network providers with whom we or they contract, or with the systems by which our telecommunications providers allocate capacity among their customers, including us, could adversely affect the experience of our customers. Our third-party data center operators could decide to close their facilities without adequate notice. In addition, any financial difficulties, such as bankruptcy, faced by our third-party data center operators or any of the service providers with whom we or they contract may have negative effects on our business, the nature and extent of which are difficult to predict. Our disaster recovery systems are located at our third-party hosting facilities. While we are increasing redundancy, our systems have not been tested under actual disaster conditions and may not have sufficient capacity to recover all data and services in the event of an outage. In the event of a disaster in which our disaster recovery systems are irreparably damaged or destroyed, we would experience interruptions in access to our solutions. Any changes in third-party service levels at our data centers or any errors, defects, disruptions, or other performance problems with our solutions could harm our reputation and may damage our data. Interruptions in our services might reduce our revenue, cause us to issue credits or refunds to customers, subject us to potential liability, or harm our customer retention rate. Compliance with the various data protection laws across nations is challenging due to the complex and sometimes contradictory nature of the different regulatory regimes. Because data protection regulations are not uniform among the various nations in which we operate, our ability to transmit consumer information across borders is limited by our ability to comply with conditions and restrictions that vary from country to country. In countries with particularly strict data protection laws, we might not be able to transmit data out of the country at all and may be required to host individual servers in each such country where we collect data.

We have experienced, and may in the future experience, disruptions, outages, and other performance problems due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, introductions of new functionality, human or software errors, capacity constraints due to an overwhelming number of users accessing our solutions and platform capabilities simultaneously, denial of service attacks, or other security-related incidents. It may become increasingly difficult to maintain and improve our performance, especially during peak usage times and as our solutions and platform capabilities become more complex and our user traffic increases. If our solutions and platform capabilities are unavailable or if our users are unable to access our solutions and platform capabilities within a reasonable amount of time or at all, we may experience a loss of customers, lost or delayed market acceptance of our platform and solutions, delays in payment to us by customers, injury to our reputation and brand, legal claims against us, and the diversion of our resources. In addition, to the extent that we do not effectively address capacity constraints, upgrade our systems as needed and continually develop our technology and network architecture to accommodate actual and anticipated changes in technology, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Cybersecurity incidents are increasing in frequency and evolving in nature and include, but are not limited to, installation of malicious software, unauthorized access to data and other electronic security breaches that could lead to disruptions in systems, unauthorized release of confidential or otherwise protected information and the corruption of data. Given the unpredictability of the timing, nature and scope of information technology disruptions, there can be no assurance that the procedures and controls we employ will be sufficient to prevent security breaches from occurring and we could be subject to manipulation or improper use of our systems and networks or financial losses from remedial actions, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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Security or privacy breaches in our electronic transactions or data may expose us to additional liability or result in a loss of customers, either of which events could harm our business.

Use of our solutions involve the storage, transmission and processing of our customers’ proprietary data, including potentially personal or identifying information. We may experience data security breaches or unauthorized disclosures of personal, confidential or proprietary information. Any inability on our part to protect the information security of our SaaS platform or the privacy of confidential information could have a material adverse effect on our profitability by exposing us to additional liability, increasing our expenses relating to resolution of these breaches and deterring users from using our solutions. Further, unauthorized access to, or security breaches of, our solutions could result in the loss, compromise or corruption of data, loss of business, severe reputational damage adversely affecting customer or investor confidence, regulatory investigations and orders, litigation, indemnity obligations, damages for contract breach, penalties for violation of applicable laws or regulations, significant costs for remediation and other liabilities. For example, under the GDPR, substantial penalties for failure to comply with the regulations can be imposed, including a fine of up to €20 million or up to 4% of the annual worldwide turnover, whichever is greater. We have incurred and expect to incur significant expenses to prevent security breaches and achieve compliance with all applicable laws and regulations including the GDPR, such as deploying additional personnel and protection technologies, training employees, and engaging third-party experts and consultants. Our errors and omissions insurance coverage covering certain security and privacy damages and claim expenses may not be sufficient to compensate for all liabilities we may incur.

In addition, our and our third party vendors’ systems, operations and information technology systems are vulnerable to damage or interruption from human error, physical break-ins, unauthorized access, computer hackers, computer viruses, worms, malicious applications, distributed denial of service attacks, spurious spam attacks, intentional acts of vandalism and similar events. We cannot assure you that our current security methods and measures will effectively counter evolving security risks, prevent future slowdowns or disruptions, protect against extraordinary attacks while addressing the security and privacy requirements of existing and future users. Any physical or electronic break-in or other security breach or compromise of the information handled by us or our service provider may jeopardize the security or integrity of information in our computer systems and networks or those of our customers and cause significant interruptions in our and our customers’ operations. Although we have developed systems and processes that are designed to protect customer information and prevent data loss and other security breaches, including systems and processes designed to reduce the impact of a security breach at a third-party vendor, such measures cannot provide absolute security. It is also possible that, despite existing safeguards, our personnel could misappropriate our customers’ proprietary information or data, exposing us to a risk of loss or litigation and possible liability. Customers and other end-users who rely on our solutions for applications that are integral to their businesses may have a greater sensitivity to security vulnerabilities than customers for software solutions generally. Any such access, breach, or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under applicable federal or state laws and regulatory penalties. Under certain applicable law, notice of breaches must be made to affected individuals, and for extensive breaches, notice may need to be made to the media or state attorneys general. Such a notice could harm our reputation and our ability to compete. Unauthorized access, loss, or dissemination could also damage our reputation or disrupt our operations, including our ability to conduct our analyses, deliver results, provide customer assistance, conduct research and development activities, collect, process, and prepare company financial information, and manage the administrative aspects of our business. Further, any system failures, slowdowns or disruptions will likely result in unanticipated disruptions in service to our users, decreased levels of user satisfaction and significant negative effects on our reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We rely on third-party encryption and authentication technology to provide secure transmission of confidential information over the Internet, including customer bank account numbers. Advances in technological capabilities, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or other events or developments could result in a compromise or breach of the technology we use to protect sensitive transaction data. If we are unable to detect and prevent unauthorized use of bank account numbers, our business could suffer. If any such compromise of our security, or the security of our customers, were to occur, it could result in misappropriation of proprietary information or interruptions in operations and have a material adverse effect on our reputation or the reputation of our customers.

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Our SaaS platform relies on specific third-party software and any inability to license or use such software from third-parties could render our platform inoperable.

We rely on software and other intellectual property licensed from third parties, including mapping software, business intelligence tools and data from third party vendors such as Google, MapIT, TomTom, Here and Sisense to develop and provide solutions to our customers. In addition, we may need to obtain future licenses from third parties to use software or other intellectual property associated with our solutions. We cannot assure you that these licenses will be available to us on acceptable terms, without significant price increases or at all. Any loss of the right or inability to obtain the right to use any such software or other intellectual property required for the development and maintenance of our solutions could result in interruptions in the provision of our solutions until equivalent technology is either developed by us, or, if available from others, is identified, obtained, and integrated, which could harm our business.

Our use of open source software may pose particular risks to our proprietary software and systems.

We use open source software in our proprietary software and systems and intend to continue using open source software in the future. The terms of many open source licenses to which we are subject have not been interpreted by Singaporean, South African or U.S. courts or courts of other jurisdictions, and there is a risk that those licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our solutions. The licenses applicable to our use of open source software may require that source code that is developed using open source software be made available to the public and that any modifications or derivative works to certain open source software continue to be licensed under open source licenses. Moreover, we cannot ensure that we have not incorporated additional open source software in our software in a manner that is inconsistent with the terms of the applicable license or our current policies and procedures. In that event, we could be required to seek licenses from third parties in order to continue offering our solutions, to re-develop our solutions, to discontinue sales of our solutions, or to release our proprietary software source code under the terms of an open source license, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Although we employ open source software license screening measures, if we were to combine our proprietary software products with open source software in a certain manner we could, under certain open source licenses, be required to release the source code of our proprietary software products. If we fail to comply with these licenses, we may be subject to certain requirements, including requirements that we offer our solutions that incorporate the open source software for no cost, that we make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon, incorporating or using the open source software and that we license such modifications or derivative works under the terms of applicable open source licenses. If an author or other third party that distributes such open source software were to allege that we had not complied with the conditions of one or more of these licenses, we could be required to incur significant legal expenses defending against such allegations and could be subject to significant damages, enjoined from the sale of our products that contained the open source software and required to comply with onerous conditions or restrictions on these products, which could disrupt the distribution and sale of these products.

From time to time, there have been claims challenging the rights in open source software against companies that incorporate it into their products. We and our customers may face claims from third parties claiming infringement of their intellectual property rights for what we believe to be permissive open source software, or demanding the release or license of the open source software or derivative works that we developed using such software (which could include our proprietary source code) or otherwise seeking to enforce the terms of the applicable open source license. These claims could result in litigation that could be costly to defend, have a negative effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, and could require us to purchase a costly license, publicly release the affected portions of our source code, be limited in or cease the sale or use of the implicated software unless and until we can re-engineer such software to avoid infringement or change the use of, or remove, the implicated open source software, which could require us to devote additional research and development resources, or take other remedial actions.

In addition to risks related to license requirements, use of certain open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties, indemnities or other contractual protections with respect to the software (for example, non-infringement or functionality). Some open source projects have known vulnerabilities and architectural

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instabilities and are provided on an “as-is” basis which, if not properly addressed, could negatively affect the performance of our product. Our use of open source software may also present additional security risks because the source code for open source software is publicly available, which may make it easier for hackers and other third parties to determine how to breach our website, our software platform and systems that rely on open source software.

Any of these risks could be difficult to eliminate or manage, and, if not addressed, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If our SaaS platform does not comply with quality standards set forth under our subscription agreements or we breach our obligations under our subscription agreements, our subscribers may assert claims for reduced payments or seek damages from us.

Under our subscription contracts, we typically provide certain representations and warranties to our subscribers, including, among others, that we have not knowingly incorporated any intellectual property which infringes the rights of any third-party, the software being delivered has been developed as per the specifications provided and is free from any patent defects and services will be provided with reasonable care. In case of any breach of these representations and warranties, we would be required to take certain remedial steps, including: modifying the solution, defending our subscribers in any litigation arising from an intellectual property rights infringement claim by a third-party, providing functionally equivalent replacements to the subscribers, rectifying the defect and indemnifying our subscribers for any direct losses arising from such a breach of representations and warranties.

Such steps may involve significant monetary costs and management time. Any inability to predict our performance and measure our productivity would further compound these risks and expose us to additional liabilities. Our subscribers could seek significant compensation from us for the losses they suffer. Although our subscription agreements typically contain provisions designed to limit our exposure to product liability claims, existing or future laws or unfavorable judicial decisions could negate these limitations. Even if not successful, a product liability claim brought against us would likely be time-consuming and costly and could seriously damage our reputation in the marketplace, making it harder for us to sell our solutions.

An assertion by a third party that we are infringing on its intellectual property could subject us to costly and time-consuming litigation or expensive licenses and our business could be harmed.

The industries in which we operate are characterized by the existence of entities, including leading companies, competitors, patent holding companies and non-practicing entities, that hold a large number of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets. Further, the industries are characterized by frequent litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. Such entities may assert patent, copyright, trademark or other intellectual property claims against us, our customers and partners, and those from whom we license technology and intellectual property. Much of this litigation involves patent holding companies or other adverse patent owners who have no relevant product revenues of their own. We do not have a patent portfolio of our own and even if we did, a patent portfolio may provide little or no deterrence to such patent holding companies or non-practicing entities.

Legal proceedings involving intellectual property rights are highly uncertain, and can involve complex legal and scientific questions. We cannot assure you that we will prevail in any current or future intellectual property infringement or other litigation given the complex technical issues and inherent uncertainties in such litigation. Defending such claims, regardless of their merit, could be time-consuming and distracting to management, result in costly litigation or settlement, cause development delays, or require us to enter into royalty or licensing agreements. Insurance may not cover or be insufficient for any such claim. In addition, we could be obligated to indemnify our customers against third parties’ claims of intellectual property infringement based on our solutions. If our solutions violate any third-party intellectual property rights, we could be required to withdraw those solutions from the market, re-develop those solutions or seek to obtain licenses from third parties, which might not be available on reasonable terms or at all. Any efforts to re-develop our solutions, obtain licenses from third parties on favorable terms or license a substitute technology might not be successful and, in any case, might substantially increase our costs and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Withdrawal of any of our solutions from the market could also harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, we may not have the ability

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to terminate or amend our supplier contracts in connection with such solutions being withdrawn from the market, nor may we have recourse through representations, warranties, indemnification provisions or otherwise in such supplier contracts.

In addition, we incorporate open source software into our platform. Given the nature of open source software, third parties might assert copyright and other intellectual property infringement claims against us based on our use of certain open source software programs, particularly in the United States. The terms of many open source licenses to which we are subject have not been interpreted by U.S. courts or courts of other jurisdictions, and there is a risk that those licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our solutions. In that event, we could be required to seek licenses from third parties in order to continue offering our solutions, to re-develop our solutions, to discontinue sales of our solutions, or to release our proprietary software source code under the terms of an open source license, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

If we are unable to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technologies, our business may be adversely affected.

Our future success and competitive position depend in large part on our ability to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technologies. We rely on a combination of trademark, copyright, and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual restrictions, to establish and protect our intellectual property rights, all of which provide only limited protection and may not currently or in the future provide us with a competitive advantage.

We enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees, independent contractors and other individual advisors and enter into confidentiality agreements with licensees and other third parties, including suppliers and partners. We have not entered into invention assignment agreements with licensees and third parties. However, we cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with each party that has or may have had access to our proprietary information, know-how and trade secrets. Moreover, no assurances can be given that these agreements effectively prevent access to, distribution, use, misuse, misappropriation, reverse engineering or disclosure of confidential or proprietary information. Further, these agreements may not provide adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of confidential or proprietary information. In addition, others may independently discover our trade secrets or develop similar technologies and processes, and, in either event we would not be able to assert trade secret rights.

We also rely to a limited extent on trademark and copyright law. We have no patents or patent applications. We cannot make any assurances that any future trademark registrations will be issued for pending or future applications or that any registered trademarks will be enforceable or provide adequate protection of our proprietary rights. Intellectual property rights protection is territorial in nature and therefore, successfully obtaining intellectual property rights protection in one jurisdiction may not necessarily provide protection in another jurisdiction. For example, while we have obtained certain registered trademarks in South Africa, Namibia, Nigeria and Tanzania, we have not obtained registered trademarks in all of the jurisdictions in which we operate or plan to operate. Accordingly, we rely primarily on common law or unregistered rights in such jurisdictions, which may not provide the same scope of protection as registered trademarks and may be insufficient for our business. In addition, third-parties have filed, and may in the future file, for registration of trademarks similar or identical to our trademarks, thereby impeding our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement claims brought by owners of other registered trademarks or trademarks that incorporate variations of our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names.

We cannot assure you that any patents or trademarks will issue from any future patent or trademark applications, that any patents or trademarks that issue from such applications will give us the protection that we seek, or that any such patents or trademarks will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented. Any patents or trademarks that may issue in the future from future patent and trademark applications may not provide sufficiently broad protection and may not be enforceable in actions against alleged infringers.

Even upon intellectual property rights registration, there is no certainty that our intellectual property rights will provide us with substantial protection or commercial benefit. Despite our efforts to protect our

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intellectual property, some of our innovations may not be protectable, and our intellectual property rights may offer insufficient protection from competition or unauthorized use, lapse or expire, be challenged, narrowed, invalidated, or misappropriated by third-parties, or be deemed unenforceable or abandoned, which, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects and the legal remedies available to us may not adequately compensate us.

We cannot assure you that the steps we take will be adequate to protect our technologies and intellectual property, any patent and trademark applications will lead to issued patents or registered trademarks, others will not develop or patent similar or superior technologies or solutions, or that our trademarks and other intellectual property will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented by others. Furthermore, effective patent, trademark, copyright, and trade secret protection may not be available in every country in which our solutions are available or where we have employees or independent contractors. In addition, the legal standards relating to the validity, enforceability, and scope of protection of intellectual property rights in Internet-related industries are uncertain and still evolving. The steps we have taken and will take may not prevent unauthorized use, reverse engineering, or misappropriation of our technologies and we may not be able to detect any of the foregoing. Defending and enforcing our intellectual property rights may result in litigation, which can be costly and divert management attention and resources. Any such litigation may not be successful even if such rights have been infringed, and an adverse decision could limit the scope of such rights. If our efforts to protect our technologies and intellectual property are inadequate, the value of our intangible assets may be diminished and competitors may be able to replicate our solutions and methods of operations. Any of the foregoing events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Risks Related to Legal Proceedings

We may incur material losses and costs as a result of lawsuits or claims that may be brought against us which are related to product liability, warranty, product recalls, client service interruptions or other matters, and any litigation against us could be costly and time-consuming to defend and could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are exposed to product liability and warranty claims in the normal course of business, in the event that our solutions actually or allegedly fail to perform as expected, or the use of our solutions results, or is alleged to result, in bodily injury and/or property damage. Our safety and security services may be disabled or prove to be ineffective as a result of techniques employed by car thieves or the discovery of technological weaknesses by such persons.

Additionally, we provide asset recovery warranty coverage of up to R1.0 million on certain contracts in the event we fail to recover a stolen vehicle. If our recovery rate for stolen vehicles falls, we may be subject to an increased number of claims. We could experience material warranty costs in the future and incur significant costs to defend ourselves against these claims. If there were a systematic failure of any of our solutions, we could suffer significant damage to our reputation and any product liability insurance we maintain might not be sufficient to prevent us from suffering a material economic loss. While we carry insurance and maintain reserves for product liability claims, we have not established a liability reserve under these warranties. Our insurance coverage may be inadequate if such claims do arise, and any defense costs and liability not covered by insurance could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flow. A future claim could involve the imposition of punitive damages, the award of which, pursuant to local laws, may not be covered by insurance. In addition, warranty and certain other claims are not typically covered by insurance. Any product liability or warranty issues may adversely impact our reputation as a manufacturer of high-quality, effective and safe solutions and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Furthermore, we have in the past and may in the future become subject to legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business, such as claims brought by our clients or vendors in connection with commercial disputes or employment claims made by our current or former employees. Internal fraud, which may include the stealing and dissemination of client personally identifiable information, may also create significant client distrust and result in litigation against us. Actions taken by security officers involved in SVR operations as part of our services may also result in legal proceedings and claims which

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could then result in reputational harm to us or criminal and/or civil liability, including monetary damages or other penalties. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Reliance on Third Parties — The conduct of security officers engaged in stolen vehicle recovery (“SVR”) operations in support of our services from time to time involves the use of force, which could expose the Company to reputational harm or, potentially, civil and/or criminal liability.”

We are unable to predict the outcome of such legal proceedings. Such proceedings might result in substantial costs, regardless of the outcome, and may divert management’s attention and resources, which might seriously harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Insurance might not cover such claims, might not provide sufficient payments to cover all the costs to resolve one or more such claims, and might not continue to be available on terms acceptable to us. A claim brought against us that is uninsured or underinsured could result in unanticipated costs, potentially resulting in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Risks Relating to Our Operations in South Africa and Other Emerging Markets

We conduct a substantial amount of our business in foreign currencies, which heightens our exposure to the risk of exchange rate fluctuations.

We are subject to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates between the South African rand, our reporting currency, and currencies of other countries where we market our solutions or source our raw components, for example the euro, Mozambican metical, the Singapore dollar and Polish zloty. Such fluctuations may result in significant increases or decreases in our reported revenue and other results as expressed in South African rand, and in the reported value of our assets, liabilities and cash flows. In addition, currency fluctuation may adversely affect receivables, payables, debt, firm commitments and forecast transactions denominated in foreign currencies. In particular, translation risks arise where parts of the cost of sales are not denominated in the same currency of such sales. The U.S. dollar/South African rand exchange rates have historically been volatile and we expect this volatility to continue. Fluctuation in exchange rates, depreciation of local currencies, changes in monetary and/or fiscal policy or inflation in the countries in which we operate could negatively impact the prices at which the ordinary shares trade and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Exchange controls may restrict the ability of our subsidiaries to convert or transfer sums in foreign currencies.

Our ability to generate operating cash flows at the holding company level depends on the ability of our subsidiaries to upstream funds. In particular, companies operating in South Africa are subject to exchange control limitations. While exchange controls have been relaxed in recent years and may continue to be relaxed, South African companies remain subject to restrictions on their ability to export capital outside of the Common Monetary Area, which includes South Africa, Namibia, Lesotho and Eswatini. In addition, as the cash flows of certain countries are highly dependent on the export of certain raw materials, the ability to convert such currencies can be limited by the timing of payments for such exports, which may require us to organize our currency conversions around such constraints. These restrictions may affect the manner in which we finance our transactions outside South Africa and the geographic distribution of our debt.

We can offer no assurance that additional restrictions on currency exchange will not be implemented in the future or that these restrictions will not limit the ability of our subsidiaries to transfer cash to us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. See “Exchange Controls.”

The markets in which we operate are exposed to high inflation and interest rates which could increase our operating costs and thereby reduce our profitability.

The economies of countries in which we operate, including South Africa, Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya and Nigeria in the past have been, and in the future may continue to be, characterized by rates of inflation and interest rates that are substantially higher than those prevailing in the United States and other highly developed economies. High rates of inflation could increase our costs in such regions and decrease our operating margins.

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In particular, the inflation rate in South Africa, where we have significant operations, is relatively high compared to developed, industrialized countries. As of February 2020, the annual Consumer Price Inflation Index, or CPI, stood at 4.6% compared to 4.1% in February 2019 and 4.0% in February 2018. Inflation in South Africa generally results in an increase in our operational costs in rand, unless such inflation is accompanied by a concurrent devaluation of the rand against the dollar. Higher and sustained inflation in the future, with a consequent increase in operational costs could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our financial condition and could result in operations being discontinued or reduced or rationalized, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Although higher interest rates would increase the amount of income we earn on our cash balances, they would also adversely affect our ability to obtain cost-effective debt financing in certain countries in which we operate.

The laws and regulations which we are subject to, such as U.S. and other anti-corruption laws, trade controls, economic sanctions and similar laws and regulations in the jurisdictions which we operate, are complex and the regulatory and political regimes under which we operate are volatile. Our failure to comply with the relevant laws and regulations could subject us to civil, criminal and administrative penalties and harm our reputation.

Doing business on a worldwide basis requires us to comply with the laws and regulations of various foreign jurisdictions, including those not specifically related to our industry. These laws and regulations place restrictions on our operations, trade practices, partners and investment decisions. In particular, our operations are subject to U.S. and foreign anti-corruption and trade control laws and regulations, such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”), export controls and economic sanctions programs, including those administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”). As a result of doing business in foreign countries and with foreign partners, we are exposed to a heightened risk of violating anti-corruption and trade control laws and sanctions regulations.

The FCPA prohibits us from providing anything of value to foreign officials for the purposes of obtaining or retaining business or securing any improper business advantage. It also requires us to keep books and records that accurately and fairly reflect our transactions. As part of our business, we may deal with state-owned business enterprises, the employees of which are considered foreign officials for purposes of the FCPA. In addition, the United Kingdom Bribery Act (the “Bribery Act”) has been enacted and came into effect on July 1, 2011. The provisions of the Bribery Act extend beyond bribery of foreign public officials and also apply to transactions with individuals not employed by a government. The provisions of the Bribery Act are also more onerous than the FCPA in a number of other respects, including jurisdiction, non-exemption of facilitation payments and penalties. Some of the international locations in which we operate lack a developed legal system and have higher than normal levels of corruption.

Economic sanctions programs restrict our business dealings with certain sanctioned countries, persons and entities, such as Zimbabwe, a country in which we conduct business.

Violations of anti-corruption and trade control laws and sanctions regulations are punishable by civil penalties, including fines, denial of export privileges, injunctions, asset seizures, debarment from government contracts and revocations or restrictions of licenses, as well as criminal fines and imprisonment. We have established policies and procedures designed to assist our compliance with applicable U.S. and international anti-corruption and trade control laws and regulations, including the FCPA, the Bribery Act and trade controls and sanctions programs administered by OFAC, and have trained our employees to comply with these laws and regulations. However, there can be no assurance that all of our employees, consultants, agents or other associated persons will not take actions in violation of our policies and these laws and regulations, and that our policies and procedures will effectively prevent us from violating these regulations in every transaction in which we may engage or provide a defense to any alleged violation. In particular, we may be held liable for the actions that our local strategic partners take inside or outside of the United States, even though our partners may not be subject to these laws. Such a violation, even if our policies prohibit it, could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition. Our continued international expansion, including in developing countries, and our development of new partnerships and joint venture relationships worldwide, could increase the risk of FCPA, OFAC or Bribery Act violations in the future.

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Additionally, our software contains encryption technologies, certain types of which are subject to U.S. and foreign export control regulations and, in some foreign countries, restrictions on importation and/or use. Any failure on our part to comply with encryption or other applicable export control requirements could result in financial penalties or other sanctions under the U.S. export regulations, including restrictions on future export activities, which could harm our business and results of operations. Regulatory restrictions could impair our access to technologies needed to improve our solutions and may also limit or reduce the demand for our solutions in certain geographic regions.

Furthermore, we currently sell regulated insurance products in South Africa through an authorized Financial Services Provider (“FSP”) that is a wholly owned subsidiary of ours. FSPs are subject to a variety of regulations, including the Financial Advisory and Intermediary Services Act, No. 37 of 2002. We may from time to time face challenges resulting from changes in applicable law and regulations in South Africa, or changes in approach to oversight of our business from insurance or other regulators in South Africa.

Additionally, we have to comply with the South African anti-corruption law, the Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act, No. 12 of 2004, as amended (“PRECCA”). This law prohibits public and private bribery and criminalizes various categories of corrupt activities. PRECCA also contains a reporting obligation to authorities of known or suspected corrupt activities which is triggered when the value of any known or suspected acts of corruption exceeds R100,000. Failure to report said corrupt activities is a criminal offense under PRECCA and imposes significant penalties those convicted of corrupt activities. Regulation 43 of the South African South African Companies Act No. 71 of 2008 (“South African Companies Act”) also contains a number of anti-corruption compliance obligations that we must adhere to.

Although we have policies and procedures in place to comply with financial crime regulation, these policies and procedures may not prevent all situations of money laundering, bribery, fraud or corruption, including actions by our employees, for which we might be held responsible. Any such event may have severe consequences, including sanctions, fines and reputational consequences, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Operating in emerging markets, such as South Africa, subjects us to greater political, economic and market risks than those we would face if we only operated in more developed markets, which could increase our operating costs.

For the year ended February 29, 2020, 73% of our revenue was derived from South Africa. Emerging markets, including South Africa, are subject to greater risks than more developed markets. The political, economic and market conditions in many emerging markets present risks that could make it more difficult to operate our business successfully. These risks include:

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the strength of emerging market economies;

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fluctuations in interest rates;

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political and economic instability, including higher rates of inflation and currency fluctuations;

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high levels of crime and unemployment;

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higher levels of corruption, including bribery of public officials;

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loss due to civil strife, acts of war or terrorism, guerrilla activities and insurrection;

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a lack of well-developed legal systems which could make it difficult for us to enforce our intellectual property and contractual rights;

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potential adverse changes in laws and regulatory practices, including import and export license requirements and restrictions, tariffs, taxation and other laws or policies affecting foreign trade or investment;

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restrictions on the right to convert or repatriate currency or export assets;

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introduction or changes to indigenization and empowerment programs;

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logistical and communications challenges;

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difficulties in staffing and managing operations and ensuring the safety of our employees;

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greater risk of uncollectible accounts and longer collection cycles; and

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future downgrades of the debt ratings of the countries in which we operate, particularly in South Africa, where the three major rating agencies have all downgraded South Africa’s sovereign debt credit rating below investment-grade status;

If we are unable to effectively manage these risks, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have operations in other African and Asian countries, and governments in Africa and Asia have in the past intervened in the economies of their respective countries and occasionally made significant changes in policy and regulations. Governmental actions have often involved, among other measures, nationalizations and expropriations, price controls, currency devaluations, mandatory increases on wages and employee benefits, capital controls, limits on imports and arbitrary interference with private ownership of contract rights. Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by changes in government policies or regulations, including such factors as exchange rate and exchange control policies, inflation control policies, price control policies, consumer protection policies, import duties and restrictions, liquidity of domestic capital and lending markets, electricity rationing, tax policies, including tax increases and retroactive tax claims, and other political, diplomatic, social and economic developments in or affecting the countries where we operate. In the future, the level of intervention by African and Asian governments may continue to increase. It is difficult to predict the future political, economic and market environment in these countries, and these or other measures could have a material adverse effect on the economy of the countries in which we operate and, consequently, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We face the risk of disruption from labor disputes and changes to labor laws, which could result in significant additional operating costs or alter our relationship with our employees.

We are required to comply with extensive labor regulations in each of the countries in which we have employees, including with respect to wages, social security benefits and termination payments. In particular, South African laws relating to labor regulate work time, provide for mandatory compensation in the event of termination of employment for operational reasons, and impose monetary penalties for non-compliance with administrative and reporting requirements in respect of affirmative action policies, could result in significant costs.

Recent amendments to the labor legislation in South Africa have introduced more stringent requirements in relation to the relationship with the employees. For example, under the Labour Relations Amendment Act, No. 66 of 1995 (as amended) (the “LRA”), an employee on a fixed term contract must be permanently employed unless the employer can establish justification for employment on a fixed term basis. The reasons available to an employer for justifying a fixed term contract are limited. Temporary employees are required to be given the same pay and benefits as permanent employees, including pensions and medical insurance coverage. The LRA provides strict penalties for failure to comply with its provisions and in certain instances breach of the legislation amounts to a criminal offense.

Furthermore, the Employment Equity Act, No. 55 of 1998 (as amended) (the “EEA”) creates obligations and administrative requirements in respect of non-discrimination and equity in employment matters. Fines of up to 10% of revenue may be imposed in the event of non-compliance with certain provisions of the EEA.

In addition, future changes to South African legislation and regulations relating to labor may increase our costs or alter our relationship with our employees. Resulting disruptions could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If we do not achieve applicable black economic empowerment objectives in our South African operations, we risk early termination of certain of our subscription contracts and the loss of the corresponding revenue.

The South African government, through the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act No, 53 of 2003 (as amended), and the codes of good practice and industry charters published pursuant thereto, has

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established a legislative framework for the promotion of broad-based black economic empowerment, or “B-BBEE”. Achievement of specified B-BBEE objectives is measured by a scorecard which establishes a weighting for the various objectives of B-BBEE, which include procuring goods and services from black-owned businesses (or from businesses that have earned good B-BBEE scores) and achieving certain levels of black South African employment and management participation, which is then translated to an entity’s “contributor level”. Compliance may affect the ability of a company to secure contracts in the public and private sectors in South Africa. We have four customers which require us to maintain specific/specified B-BBEE contributor levels as measured under the Amended Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Information and Communication Technology Sector Code. We currently maintain a level 8 B-BBEE contributor level. Customers with such requirements collectively represented 0.9% of our total revenue for the year ended February 29, 2020.

Failing to achieve or maintain a specified B-BBEE contributor level could affect our ability to maintain existing customers or to sell to large enterprise customers in South Africa, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Tax regulations and challenges by tax authorities could have a material adverse effect on us and we may be subject to challenges by tax authorities.

We operate in a number of countries and are therefore regularly examined by and remain subject to numerous tax regulations. Changes in our global mix of earnings could affect our effective tax rate. Furthermore, changes in tax laws could result in higher tax-related expenses and payments. Legislative changes in any of the countries in which our businesses operate could materially impact our tax receivables and liabilities as well as deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities. Additionally, the uncertain tax environment in some regions in which our businesses operate may limit our ability to successfully challenge adverse determination by any local tax authorities. Some of our businesses operate in countries with complex tax rules, which may be interpreted in a variety of ways and could affect our effective tax rate. Future interpretations or developments of tax regimes or a higher than anticipated effective tax rate could have a material adverse effect on our tax liability, return on investments and business operations.

In addition, we and our businesses operate in, are incorporated in and are tax residents of, various jurisdictions. The tax authorities in the various jurisdictions in which we and our businesses operate, or are incorporated, may disagree with and challenge our assessments of our transactions, tax position, deductions, exemptions, where we or our subsidiaries or businesses are tax resident, or other matters. If we, or our businesses, are unsuccessful in responding to any such challenge from a tax authority, we, or our businesses, may be required to pay additional taxes, interest, fines or penalties, we, or our businesses, may be subject to taxes for the same business in more than one jurisdiction or may also be subject to higher tax rates, withholding or other taxes. A successful challenge could potentially result in payments to the relevant tax authority of substantial amounts that could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Even if we, or our businesses, are successful in responding to challenges by taxing authorities, responding to such challenges may be expensive, consume time and other resources, or divert management’s time and focus from our operations or businesses or from the operations of our businesses. Therefore, a challenge as to our, or our businesses, tax position or status or transactions, even if unsuccessful, may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity or the business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity of our businesses.

A breach of any of the covenants or other provisions contained in our credit facilities could result in an event of default, which could result in amounts outstanding under our credit facilities becoming immediately due and payable as well as foreclosure by our lenders upon our critical assets.

Our term loan facility entered into between the wholly-owned subsidiary of Cartrack Holdings Limited, Cartrack Proprietary Limited, and Rand Merchant Bank contains certain covenants, including without limitation, those limiting our and our guarantor subsidiaries’, as applicable, ability to, among other things, incur indebtedness, incur liens, or sell or acquire assets or businesses.

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Our obligations under our credit facility agreement with Rand Merchant Bank are secured by one of our significant subsidiaries and are secured by a lien on bank accounts, cash and cash equivalent investments, intellectual property, insurance policies, insurance proceeds and a pledge of the shares of certain of our subsidiaries incorporated in South Africa. A breach of any of these covenants or other provisions of our credit facilities could result in an event of default, which if not cured or waived, could result in amounts outstanding under our credit facilities becoming immediately due and payable. In the event that some or all of the amounts outstanding under our credit facilities are accelerated and become immediately due and payable, we may not have the funds to repay, or the ability to refinance, such outstanding amounts under our credit facilities, or our lenders could foreclose upon critical assets, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Changes in practices of insurance companies in the markets in which we provide our solutions could have an adverse effect on demand for products and services.

We depend in part on the practices of insurance companies in some of our markets to support demand for our SaaS platform. For example, in South Africa, which is currently our largest market based on new subscriber additions, insurance companies either mandate the installation of tracking devices as a prerequisite for providing insurance coverage to owners of certain vehicles, or provide insurance premium discounts to encourage vehicle owners to subscribe to vehicle tracking and mobile asset recovery solutions such as ours. We benefit from this continued practice in the South African and certain other markets of:

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accepting mobile asset location technologies such as ours as a preferred security product;

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providing premium discounts for using location and recovery products and services such as ours;

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and mandating the use of our products and services, or similar products and services, for certain vehicles.

If any of these policies or practices change, revenues from sale of our solutions could decline, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Relating to Investments in Singapore Companies

We are incorporated in Singapore, and our shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests than they would as shareholders of a corporation incorporated in the United States.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our constitution and by the laws governing companies incorporated in Singapore. The rights of our shareholders and the responsibilities of the members of our board of directors under Singapore law may be different from those applicable to a corporation incorporated in the United States. Therefore, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in connection with actions taken by us, our management, members of our board of directors or our controlling shareholder than they would as shareholders of a corporation incorporated in the United States. For example, controlling shareholders in corporations incorporated in Delaware are subject to fiduciary duties while controlling shareholders in Singapore companies are not subject to such duties.

In addition, only persons who are registered as shareholders in our register of members are recognized under Singapore law as our shareholders. Only registered shareholders have legal standing to institute shareholder actions against us or otherwise seek to enforce their rights as shareholders. Investors in our ordinary shares who are not specifically registered as shareholders in our register of members (for example, where such shareholders hold ordinary shares indirectly through the DTC) are required to be registered as shareholders in our register of members in order to institute or enforce any legal proceedings or claims against us, our directors or our executive officers relating to shareholder rights. The administrative process of becoming a registered shareholder could result in delays prejudicial to any such legal proceeding or enforcement action. See “Description of Share Capital — Comparison of Shareholder Rights” for a discussion of certain differences between Singapore and Delaware corporation law.

It may be difficult for you to enforce any judgment obtained in the United States against us, our directors, officers or our affiliates.

A majority of our directors and officers reside outside the United States. In addition, a majority of our assets and the assets of those persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult

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to enforce in the United States any judgment obtained in the United States against us or any of these persons, including judgments based upon the civil liability provisions of the US securities laws. In addition, in original actions brought in courts in jurisdictions located outside the United States, it may be difficult for investors to enforce liabilities based upon US securities laws.

There is no treaty between the United States and Singapore providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters and a final judgment for the payment of money rendered by any federal or state court in the United States based on civil liability, whether or not predicated solely upon the federal securities laws, would, therefore, not be automatically enforceable in Singapore. It is not clear whether a Singapore court may impose civil liability on us or our directors and officers who reside in Singapore in an action brought in the Singapore courts against us or such persons with respect to a violation solely of the federal securities laws of the United States.

In addition, holders of book-entry interests in the ordinary shares (for example, where such shareholders hold ordinary shares indirectly through the DTC) will be required to be registered shareholders as reflected in our register of members in order to have standing to bring a shareholder action and, if successful, to enforce a foreign judgment against us, our directors or our executive officers in the Singapore courts. Any such enforcement action would be subject to applicable Singapore laws. The administrative process of becoming a registered shareholder could result in delays that could be prejudicial to any legal proceeding or enforcement action. In making a determination as to enforceability of a judgment of a state court or a federal court of the United States, the Singapore courts would have regard to, among others, whether the judgment was final and conclusive, given by a court of law of competent jurisdiction, expressed to be for a fixed sum of money, whether it was procured by fraud, or in breach of principles of natural justice, or whether the enforcement thereof would be contrary to public policy.

Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the Singapore courts would enforce against us, our directors or our officers, judgments obtained in the United States which are predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States.

Subject to the general authority to allot and issue new ordinary shares provided by our shareholders, the Singapore Companies Act and our constitution, our directors may allot and issue new ordinary shares on terms and conditions and for such purposes as may be determined by our board of directors in its sole discretion. Any issuance of new shares would dilute the percentage ownership of existing shareholders and could adversely impact the market price of our ordinary shares.

Under Singapore law, we may only allot and issue new ordinary shares with the prior approval of our shareholders in a general meeting. Subject to the general authority to allot and issue new ordinary shares provided by our shareholders, the provisions of the Singapore Companies Act, and our constitution, we may allot and issue new ordinary shares on such terms and conditions as our directors may think fit to impose. Such terms and conditions may be adverse to the rights of holders of our ordinary shares. Any additional issuances of new ordinary shares could dilute the percentage ownership of our existing shareholders and may adversely impact the market price of our ordinary shares.

Because new issuances of ordinary shares are subject to shareholder approval, if a sufficient number of shares have not been approved for issuance in any given year, we may be delayed in raising capital through equity offerings or delayed or prevented from consummating an acquisition using our ordinary shares. Assuming shareholders have approved the issuance of new shares, we may seek to raise capital in the future, including to fund acquisitions, future investments and other growth opportunities. We may, for these and other purposes, issue additional ordinary shares or securities convertible into ordinary shares. Any additional issuances of new ordinary shares could dilute the percentage ownership of our existing shareholders and may also adversely impact the market price of our ordinary shares

We are subject to the laws of Singapore, which differ in certain material respects from the laws of the United States.

As a Singapore-incorporated company, we are required to comply with the laws of Singapore, certain of which are capable of extra-territorial application, as well as our constitution. In particular, we are required to comply with certain provisions of the SFA, Chapter 289 of Singapore, which prohibit certain forms of

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market conduct and information disclosures, and impose criminal and civil penalties on corporations, directors and officers in respect of any breach of such provisions. In addition, the Singapore Code on Take-Overs and Mergers, or “Singapore Take-over Code”, which specifies, among other things, certain circumstances in which a general offer is to be made upon a change in control of a Singapore-incorporated public company, and further specifies the manner and price at which voluntary and mandatory general offers are to be made.

The laws of Singapore and of the United States differ in certain significant respects. The rights of our shareholders and the obligations of our directors and officers under Singapore law may be different from those applicable to US corporations, including those incorporated in Delaware, in material respects, and our shareholders may have more difficulty and less clarity in protecting their interests in connection with actions taken by our management, members of our board of directors or our controlling shareholders than would otherwise apply to US corporations, including those incorporated in Delaware. See “Comparison of Shareholder Rights” for a discussion of certain differences between Singapore and Delaware corporation law.

In addition, the application of Singapore law, in particular, the Singapore Companies Act may, in certain circumstances, impose more restrictions on us, our shareholders, directors and officers than would otherwise be applicable to US corporations, including those incorporated in Delaware. For example, the Singapore Companies Act requires a director to act with reasonable degree of diligence in the discharge of the duties of his office and, in certain circumstances, imposes criminal liability for specified contraventions of particular statutory requirements or prohibitions. In addition, pursuant to the provisions of the Singapore Companies Act, shareholders holding 10% or more of the total number of paid-up shares as at the date of the deposit carrying the right of voting at general meetings (disregarding paid-up shares held as treasury shares) may by depositing a requisition, require our directors to convene an extraordinary general meeting. If our directors do not within 21 days after the date of deposit of the requisition proceed to convene a meeting, the requisitioning shareholders, or any of them representing more than 50% of the total voting rights represented of all of them, may themselves, proceed to convene such meeting, and we will be liable for the reasonable expenses incurred by such requisitioning shareholders. We are also required by the Singapore Companies Act to deduct corresponding amounts from fees or other remuneration payable by us to such of the directors as are in default.

Singapore take-over laws contain provisions that may vary from those in other jurisdictions.

The Singapore Take-over Code applies to, among others, corporations with a primary listing of their equity securities in Singapore. While the Singapore Take-over Code is drafted with, among others, listed public companies in mind, unlisted public companies with more than 50 (fifty) shareholders and net tangible assets of S$5.0 million or more, must also observe the letter and spirit of the general principles and rules of the Singapore Take-Over Code, wherever this is possible and appropriate. Public companies with a primary listing overseas may apply to SIC to waive the application of the Singapore Take-over Code. As at the date of this prospectus, no application has been made to SIC to waive the application of the Singapore Take-over Code in relation to us.

In this regard, the Singapore Take-Over Code contains certain provisions that may possibly delay, deter or prevent a future take-over or change in control of us. Under the Singapore Take-Over Code, except with the consent of SIC, any person acquiring an interest, whether by a series of transactions over a period of time or not, either on his own or together with parties acting in concert with him, in 30% or more of our voting shares is required to extend a take-over offer for all remaining voting shares in accordance with the procedural and other requirements under the Singapore Take-Over Code.

Except with the consent of SIC, such a take-over offer is also required to be made if a person holding between 30% and 50% (both inclusive) of our voting shares, either on his own or together with parties acting in concert with him, acquires additional voting shares representing more than 1% of our voting shares in any six-month period. While the Singapore Take-Over Code seeks to ensure an equality of treatment among shareholders in take-over or merger situations, its provisions could substantially impede the ability of the shareholders to benefit from a change of control and, as a result, may adversely affect the market price of the ordinary shares and the ability to realize any benefit from a potential change of control.

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Risks Relating to Our Ordinary Shares and the Offering

We do not know whether a market for our ordinary shares will develop to provide you with adequate liquidity. If our stock price fluctuates after this offering, you could lose a significant part of your investment.

There is no established trading market for our ordinary shares in the United States. We intend to apply to list our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq. The ordinary shares of Cartrack Holdings Limited, our direct, wholly-owned subsidiary, are listed on the JSE under the symbol “CTK.” Cartrack Holdings Limited is expected to delist from the JSE in connection with our Corporate Reorganization and we intend to apply for a secondary listing of our ordinary shares on the JSE.

There is no guarantee that active trading markets will develop. If an active trading market does not develop, you may have difficulty selling any of our ordinary shares that you buy. We cannot predict the extent to which investor interest in our company will lead to the development of an active trading market on the Nasdaq or the JSE, or otherwise or how liquid such markets might become. The initial public offering price for the ordinary shares will be determined by negotiations between us and the underwriters and may not be indicative of prices that will prevail in the open market following this offering. Consequently, you may not be able to sell our ordinary shares at prices equal to or greater than the price paid by you in this offering. In addition to the risks described above, the market price of our ordinary shares may be influenced by many factors, some of which are beyond our control, including:

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actual or anticipated variations in our operating results;

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the failure of financial analysts to cover our ordinary shares after this offering;

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changes in financial estimates by financial analysts, or any failure by us to meet or exceed any of these estimates, or changes in the recommendations of any financial analysts that elect to follow our ordinary shares or the shares of our competitors;

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changes in market valuations of similar companies;

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announcements by us or our competitors of significant contracts, acquisitions, strategic partnerships or joint ventures;

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future sales of our shares by us or our shareholders;

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investor perceptions of us and the industry in which we operate;

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general economic, industry or market conditions; and

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the other factors described in this “Risk Factors” section.

In addition, the stock market in general has experienced substantial price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of particular companies affected. These broad market and industry factors may materially harm the market price of our ordinary shares, regardless of our operating performance. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of certain companies’ securities, securities class action litigation has been instituted against these companies. This litigation, if instituted against us, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The ordinary shares will be traded on more than one stock exchange and this may result in price variations between the markets.

The ordinary shares will be listed on each of the Nasdaq and the JSE. Trading in the ordinary shares therefore will take place in different currencies (U.S. dollars on the Nasdaq and South African Rand on the JSE), and at different times (resulting from different time zones, different trading days and different public holidays in the United States and South Africa). The trading prices of the ordinary shares on these two markets may differ as a result of these, or other, factors. Any decrease in the price of ordinary shares on either of these markets could cause a decrease in the trading prices of ordinary shares on the other market.

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Sales of substantial amounts of our ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales may occur, could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to decline.

Sales of substantial amounts of our ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales may occur, could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to decline. This could also impair our ability to raise additional capital through the sale of our equity securities. Under our authorized share capital, we are authorized to issue up to ordinary shares, of which ordinary shares will be outstanding following this offering. We, our directors and officers and certain of our shareholders have agreed with the underwriters, subject to certain exceptions, not to offer, sell, or dispose of any shares of our share capital or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for any shares of our share capital during the 180-day period following the date of this prospectus. Although we have been advised that there is no present intent to do so, certain of the underwriters may, in their sole discretion and without notice, release all or any portion of the ordinary shares from the restrictions in any of the lock-up agreements described above. Sales of ordinary shares by our shareholders could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our shares.

In addition, following the expiration of the lock-up period, certain of our existing shareholders will have the right to demand that we file a registration statement covering the offer and sale of their securities under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), for as long as each holds unregistered securities. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in the shares becoming freely tradable. We also intend to file a registration statement in respect of all ordinary shares that we may issue under the equity compensation plan we intend to adopt in connection with this offering, subject to board approval. Once we register these shares, they can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, subject to the lock-up agreements described in the “Underwriting” section of this prospectus.

Although Cartrack Holdings Limited has paid dividends in the past, our ability to pay dividends in the future depends on many factors and we cannot guarantee you that we will continue to pay dividends in the future.

Any future determination relating to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on then existing conditions, including our financial condition, results of operations, contractual restrictions (including in the agreements governing our credit facilities or other debt instruments), capital requirements, business prospects and other factors our board of directors may deem relevant. In addition, pursuant to the Singapore Companies Act, no dividends may be paid except out of profits. Furthermore, existing and future financing arrangements may contain covenants that impose restrictions on our business and on our ability to pay dividends under certain circumstances.

We cannot provide assurances regarding the amount or timing of dividend payments and may decide not to pay dividends in the future. As a result, you should not rely on an investment in our ordinary shares to provide dividend income and if we do not pay dividends, capital appreciation, if any, of our ordinary shares will be a shareholder’s sole source of gain in the near future. See “Dividends and Dividend Policy.”

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research, about our business, the price of our ordinary shares and our trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our ordinary shares will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. Securities and industry analysts do not currently, and may never, publish research on our company. If no or too few securities or industry analysts commence coverage of our company, the trading price for our ordinary shares would likely be negatively affected. In the event securities or industry analysts initiate coverage, if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our ordinary shares or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our ordinary shares would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our ordinary shares could decrease, which might cause the price of our ordinary shares and trading volume to decline.

Transformation into a public company with securities listed on a stock exchange in the United States may increase our costs and disrupt the regular operations of our business.

This offering will have a significant transformative effect on us. We expect to incur significant additional legal, accounting, reporting and other expenses as a result of having publicly traded ordinary shares in the

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United States. We will also incur costs which we have not incurred previously, including, but not limited to, costs and expenses for directors’ fees, increased directors and officers insurance, investor relations, and various other costs relating to being a public company registered in the United States.

We also anticipate that we will incur costs associated with United States corporate governance requirements, including requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), as well as rules implemented by the SEC, Nasdaq and the JSE. We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some management and corporate governance activities more time-consuming and costly, particularly after we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” These rules and regulations may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. This could have an adverse impact on our ability to recruit and bring on a qualified independent board.

The additional demands associated with being a public company registered in the United States may disrupt regular operations of our business by diverting the attention of some of our senior management team away from revenue producing activities to management and administrative oversight, adversely affecting our ability to attract and complete business opportunities and increasing the difficulty in both retaining professionals and managing and growing our businesses. Any of these effects could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

For as long as we are an “emerging growth company” under the recently enacted JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years. See “Summary — Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company.” Furthermore, after the date we are no longer an emerging growth company, our independent registered public accounting firm will only be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting depending on our market capitalization. Even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm may still decline to attest to our management’s assessment or may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, in connection with the implementation of the necessary procedures and practices related to internal control over financial reporting, we may identify deficiencies that we may not be able to remediate in time to meet the deadline imposed by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act for compliance with the requirements of Section 404. Failure to comply with Section 404 could subject us to regulatory scrutiny and sanctions, impair our ability to raise capital, cause investors to lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and negatively affect our share price.

As a foreign private issuer and “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq rules, we are permitted to, and we will, rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance standards. Our reliance on such exemptions may afford less protection to holders of our ordinary shares.

Nasdaq’s corporate governance rules require listed companies to have, among other things, a majority of independent directors and independent director oversight of executive compensation, nomination of directors and corporate governance matters. As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to, and we will, follow home country practice in lieu of the above requirements. As long as we rely on the foreign private issuer exemption to certain of the Nasdaq corporate governance standards, a majority of the directors on our board of directors are not required to be independent directors, and that certain of our board committees consist entirely of independent directors. Therefore, our board of directors’ approach to governance may be different from that of a board of directors consisting of a majority of independent directors, and, as a result, the management oversight of our company may be more limited than if we were subject to all of the Nasdaq corporate governance standards.

In the event we no longer qualify as a foreign private issuer, we intend to rely on the “controlled company” exemption under the Nasdaq corporate governance rules. A “controlled company” under the Nasdaq corporate governance rules is a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company. Following this offering, our controlling shareholder will control a

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majority of the combined voting power of our outstanding common shares, making us a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq corporate governance rules. As a controlled company, we would be eligible to elect not to comply with certain of the Nasdaq corporate governance standards, including the requirement that a majority of directors on our board of directors are independent directors and that certain of our board committees consist entirely of independent directors. We may utilize some of these exemptions.

Accordingly, our shareholders will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the Nasdaq corporate governance standards, and the ability of our independent directors to influence our business policies and affairs may be reduced.

We have not yet completed our evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting in compliance with Section 404 of SOX and if we fail, for any reason, to effectively or efficiently implement new internal control procedures for compliance with Section 404 of SOX, such failure could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Following the completion of the offering, we will be required to comply with the internal control evaluation and certification requirements of Section 404 of SOX by the end of our 2022 fiscal year. While we intend to achieve compliance within the time required, we may not be able to meet the Section 404 requirements in a timely manner. If it is determined that we are not in compliance with Section 404, we will be required to implement new internal control procedures and re-evaluate our financial reporting. We may experience higher than anticipated operating expenses as well as outside auditor fees during the implementation of these changes and thereafter. We will need to hire additional qualified personnel in order for us to be compliant with Section 404. During the course of documenting and testing our internal control procedures, in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404, we may identify weaknesses and deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. If we fail, for any reason, to implement these changes effectively or efficiently, such failure could harm our operations, financial reporting or financial results and the trading price of our ordinary shares, expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets, subject us to regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions and could result in our conclusion that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective.

Insiders will continue to have substantial control over us after this offering and may have interests that are different from the interests of our other shareholders.

Certain of our major shareholders may have interests that are different from, or are in addition to, the interests of our other shareholders. In particular, our Chief Executive Officer and certain of his affiliates, may be deemed to beneficially own approximately % of our issued and outstanding shares after giving effect to this offering. For so long as such shareholders continue to own a significant percentage of our ordinary shares, they will be able to significantly influence the composition of our board of directors and the approval of actions requiring shareholder approval through their voting power. Additionally, as a consequence of our “staggered” board of directors, as further described in “Management — Board Composition,” only a minority of the board of directors will be considered for election at any annual meeting and such shareholders, because of their ownership position, will have considerable influence regarding the outcome of the election. Accordingly, for such period of time, they will have significant influence with respect to our management, business plans and policies, including the appointment and removal of our officers. In particular, for so long as such shareholders continue to own a significant percentage of our ordinary shares, they may be able to cause or prevent a change of control of our company and could preclude any unsolicited acquisition of our company. The concentration of ownership could deprive you of an opportunity to receive a premium for your ordinary shares as part of a sale of our company and ultimately might affect the market price of our ordinary shares.

We may lose our foreign private issuer status which would then require us to comply with the Exchange Act’s domestic reporting regime and cause us to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses.

In order to maintain our current status as a foreign private issuer, either (a) more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities must be either directly or indirectly owned of record by non-residents of the United States or (b) if more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities are owned either directly or

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indirectly owned of record by residents of the United States, (i) a majority of our executive officers or directors may not be U.S. citizens or residents, (ii) more than 50% of our assets cannot be located in the United States and (iii) our business must be administered principally outside the United States. If we lose this status, we would be required to comply with the Exchange Act reporting and other requirements applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, which are more detailed and extensive than the requirements for foreign private issuers. We would be required under current SEC rules to prepare our financial statements in accordance with GAAP, rather than IFRS, and modify certain of our policies to comply with corporate governance practices associated with U.S. domestic issuers. Such conversion of our financial statements to GAAP would involve significant time and cost. We may also be required to make changes in our corporate governance practices in accordance with various SEC and Nasdaq rules. The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws if we are required to comply with the reporting requirements applicable to a U.S. domestic issuer may be significantly higher than the costs we will incur as a foreign private issuer.

We are an “emerging growth company” and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our ordinary shares less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We cannot predict if investors will find our ordinary shares less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our ordinary shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our ordinary shares and our share price may be more volatile.

There can be no assurance that we will not be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for any taxable year, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. investors in our ordinary shares.

In general, a non-U.S. corporation is a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year in which (i) 50% or more of the value of its assets (generally determined based on the average of the quarterly values of its gross assets) consists of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income, or (ii) 75% or more of its gross income consists of passive income. For purposes of the above calculations, a non-U.S. corporation that owns, directly or indirectly, at least 25% by value of the shares of another corporation is treated as if it held its proportionate share of the assets of the other corporation and received directly its proportionate share of the income of the other corporation. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, rents, royalties and gains from the sale or exchange of investment property. Cash is a passive asset for these purposes. Goodwill is generally characterized as an active asset if it is associated with business activities that produce active income.

Based on the current and expected composition of our income and assets and value of our assets, including the estimated value of our goodwill, which is based on the current market price of Cartrack Holdings Limited shares and the expected price of our ordinary shares in this offering, we do not expect to be a PFIC for our current taxable year or in the foreseeable future. However, our PFIC status for any taxable year is an annual determination that can be made only after the end of that year, and will depend on the composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets from time to time (including the value of our goodwill, which may be determined in part by reference to the market price of the ordinary shares, which could be volatile). We will hold a substantial amount of cash following this offering and our PFIC status for any taxable year may also depend on how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets and cash (including cash raised in this offering). Because the value of our goodwill may be determined by reference to our market capitalization, we could become a PFIC for any taxable year if the price of our ordinary shares declines significantly while we hold a substantial amount of cash and financial investments. In addition, the application of the PFIC rules is subject to certain uncertainties and the proper characterization of some of our income and assets is not entirely clear. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for our current or any future taxable year. If we were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. taxpayer owned ordinary shares, the U.S. taxpayer generally would be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences, including increased tax liability on disposition gains and “excess distributions” and additional reporting requirements. See “Tax Considerations — Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations — Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”

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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains “forward-looking statements.” Forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to us, and include, without limitation, statements regarding our business, financial condition, strategy, results of operations, certain of our plans, objectives, assumptions, expectations, prospects and beliefs and statements regarding other future events or prospects. Forward-looking statements include all statements that are not historical facts and can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as the words “believe,” “expect,” “plan,” “intend,” “seek,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “assume,” “continue,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “shall,” “risk” or the negative of these terms or similar expressions that are predictions of or indicate future events and future trends.

By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties because they relate to events and depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future. We caution you that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and that our actual results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, the development of the industry in which we operate and the effect of acquisitions on us may differ materially from those made in or suggested by the forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus. In addition, even if our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, the development of the industry in which we operate and the effect of acquisitions on us are consistent with the forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus, those results or developments may not be indicative of results or developments in subsequent periods.

Factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements in this prospectus include, but are not limited to, the risks described under “Risk Factors.” For example, factors that could cause actual results to vary from projected results include, but are not limited to:

•

our ability to acquire new customers and retain existing customers;

•

our ability to acquire new subscribers and retain existing subscribers;

•

the effects of a pandemic or widespread outbreak of an illness, such as the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic;

•

our anticipated growth strategies, including our ability to increase sales to existing customers, the introduction of new solutions and international expansion;

•

our ability to adapt to rapid technological change in our industry;

•

our dependence on cellular networks;

•

competition from industry consolidation;

•

market adoption of SaaS fleet management solutions;

•

automotive market conditions and the evolving nature of the automotive industry towards autonomous vehicles;

•

expected changes in our profitability and certain cost or expense items as a percentage of our revenue;

•

our dependence on certain key component suppliers and vendors;

•

our ability to maintain or enhance our brand recognition;

•

our ability to maintain our key personnel or attract, train and retain other highly qualified personnel;

•

the impact and evolving nature of laws and regulations relating to the internet and data privacy;

•

our ability to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technologies and address any infringement claims;

•

significant disruption in service on, or security breaches of, our websites or computer systems;

•

dependence on third-party technology and licenses;

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DIVIDENDS AND DIVIDEND POLICY

Dividends are declared at the discretion of our board of directors and we cannot assure you that we will pay any dividends to holders of our ordinary shares, or as to the amount of any such dividends if our board of directors determines to do so. The board of directors of Cartrack Holdings Limited, our direct, wholly-owned subsidiary, declared and paid an aggregate amount of R104.7 million in dividends to its shareholders for the financial year ended February 29, 2020, and an aggregate amount of R148.5 million in dividends to its shareholders for the financial year ended February 28, 2019.

Any future determination to pay cash dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on many factors, including general and economic conditions, our financial condition and operating results, our available cash and current and anticipated cash needs, capital requirements, contractual, legal, tax and regulatory restrictions, including restrictive covenants contained in our financing agreements, the ability of our subsidiaries to distribute funds to us and such other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant. See “Risk Factors — Although Cartrack Holdings Limited has paid dividends in the past, our ability to pay dividends in the future depends on many factors and we cannot guarantee you that we will continue to pay dividends in the future.”

We may, by ordinary resolution, declare dividends at a general meeting of our shareholders, but no dividend shall be payable except out of our profits, and the amount of any such dividend shall not exceed the amount recommended by our board of directors. Subject to our constitution and in accordance with the Singapore Companies Act, our board of directors may, without the approval of our shareholders, declare and pay interim dividends, but any final dividends the board declares must be approved by an ordinary resolution at a general meeting of our shareholders.

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EXCHANGE RATES

The following table shows the exchange rates as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System of South African rand for U.S. Dollars (per $1.00) for the periods and dates indicated. Since exchange rates are determined by the market, there can be no assurance that the exchange rate will be maintained at current levels.

Year	Period-end		Average(1)		Low		High
2015		15.466		12.765		11.271		15.751
2016		13.700		14.682		13.273		16.885
2017		12.375		13.294		12.300		14.493
2018		14.378		13.226		11.550		15.473
2019		13.973		14.448		13.285		15.415

Month	Period-end		Average(2)		Low		High
May 2020		17.596		18.184		17.404		18.885
June 2020		17.353		17.134		16.556		17.485
July 2020		17.005		16.739		16.418		17.080
August 2020		16.915		17.272		16.863		17.685
September 2020		16.693		16.734		16.223		17.188
October 2020		16.250		16.433		16.100		16.708
November 2020 (through November 20, 2020)		15.293		15.615		15.293		16.225

(1)

Represents the average of the exchange rates on the closing of each business day during the year.

(2)

Represents the average of the exchange rates on the closing of each business day during the month.

On , the exchange rate of South African rand for U.S. Dollars, as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, was R per $1.00.

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CORPORATE REORGANIZATION

Pursuant to the terms of a corporate reorganization that will be completed prior to the closing of this offering, Karooooo Pte. Ltd., as the majority shareholder of Cartrack Holdings Limited, will acquire for cash all of the outstanding ordinary shares held by the minority shareholders of Cartrack Holdings Limited as described below, and, as a result, Cartrack Holdings Limited will become a wholly owned subsidiary of Karooooo Pte. Ltd. Prior to the consummation of this offering, we intend to convert Karooooo Pte. Ltd. from a Singapore private limited company to a Singapore public limited company. Upon such conversion, the registrant will be known as Karooooo Ltd. and Karooooo Ltd. will adopt a new constitution.

We refer to the corporate reorganization pursuant to which (i) Karooooo Pte. Ltd. will acquire for cash all of the outstanding ordinary shares of Cartrack Holdings Limited except for those held by Karooooo Pte. Ltd. so that Cartrack Holdings Limited becomes a wholly and directly owned subsidiary of Karooooo Pte. Ltd.; (ii) the adoption of Cartrack Holdings Limited’s new memorandum of incorporation and (iii) the delisting of Cartrack Holdings Limited from the JSE, as our “Corporate Reorganization.” As a result of this Corporate Reorganization, our business will be conducted through Karooooo Pte. Ltd. and its subsidiaries.

The Corporate Reorganization will be undertaken pursuant to a scheme of arrangement under Section 114(1) (as read with Section 115) of the South African Companies Act (the “Scheme”).

In connection with the Corporate Reorganization, Karooooo Pte. Ltd. will permit shareholders of Cartrack Holdings Limited from whom it purchases shares pursuant to the Scheme to elect to use all or a portion of the cash consideration received pursuant to the Scheme to subscribe for shares in Karooooo Pte. Ltd. at a price equal to the repurchase price at which Karooooo Pte. Ltd. acquired such shareholder’s ordinary shares in Cartrack Holdings Limited in a transaction exempt from, or not subject to, the registration requirements under the Securities Act (the “Reinvestment”). Further details of the Scheme and Reinvestment will be contained in an amendment to this Draft Registration Statement.

The Scheme was approved by the shareholders of Cartrack Holdings Limited on , 2020, but the Scheme and the Reinvestment remains conditional upon, among other things, the Nasdaq approving of the listing of ordinary shares of Karooo Ltd. on the Nasdaq.

The Scheme is expected to become effective simultaneously with, or immediately prior to, the closing of the offering, with the Reinvestment expected to become effective simultaneously with the closing of the offering.

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CAPITALIZATION

The table below sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and our capitalization as of February 29, 2020:

•

on an actual basis (reflecting the capitalization of Karooooo Pte. Ltd.); and

•

on an as adjusted basis to reflect (i) the Corporate Reorganization and (ii) the sale by us of ordinary shares in this offering at the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and our receipt of the estimated net proceeds from this offering after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

You should read this table in conjunction with “Selected Financial and Other Information,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Corporate Reorganization” and our consolidated financial statements, and the related notes thereto, included elsewhere in this prospectus.

	As at February 29, 2020
	Actual		Actual		As Adjusted	As Adjusted
	U.S.$ millions(1)		R millions		U.S.$ millions(1)	R millions
Cash and cash equivalents		9.4		146.6

Non-current liabilities		13.6		213.2
Shareholders’ equity:
Ordinary shares, no par value, issued and outstanding actual, and issued and outstanding as adjusted(2)		0.0		0.0
Investment by owner		1.9		30.4
Foreign currency translation reserve		0.8		11.9
Retained earnings		53.5		836.0
Non-controlling interest		22.2		346.9
Total shareholders’ equity		78.4		1,225.1
Total capitalization		92.0		1,438.3

(1)

(2)

Ordinary share capital amounts to R10,000, which when rounded is 0.0.

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DILUTION

If you invest in our ordinary shares, your interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per share and the net tangible book value per share after this offering.

At , we had a net tangible book value of R million ($ million), after giving effect to the Corporate Reorganization, corresponding to a net tangible book value of R million per share ($ per share). Net tangible book value represents the amount of our total assets less our total liabilities, excluding goodwill and other intangible assets, divided by , the total number of our shares outstanding at February 29, 2020.

After giving effect to the sale by us of the ordinary shares offered by us in the offering, the Corporate Reorganization and considering an offering price of $ per common share (the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover of this prospectus), after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our net tangible book value estimated at February 29, 2020 would have been approximately $ , representing $ per share. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of $ per share to existing shareholders and an immediate dilution in net tangible book value of $ per share to new investors purchasing ordinary shares in this offering. Dilution for this purpose represents the difference between the price per ordinary shares paid by these purchasers and net tangible book value per common share immediately after the completion of the offering.

	Assumed initial public offering price per share				$
	Historical net tangible book value per share at February 29, 2020				$
	Increase in net tangible book value per share attributable to new investors
	Pro forma net tangible book value per share after the offering
	Dilution per common share to new investors				$

Each $1.00 increase (decrease) in the offering price per common share, respectively, would increase (decrease) the net tangible book value after this offering by $ per common share and the dilution to investors in the offering by $ per common share.

The following table summarizes, as of February 29, 2020, the total number of ordinary shares purchased from us, the total cash consideration paid to us, and the average price per share paid by existing owners and by investors in this offering. The table below reflects an assumed initial public offering price of $ per share (the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus), for ordinary shares purchased in this offering and excludes underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

Ordinary Shares
Purchased

Total
Consideration

Average
Price Per
Share

(in thousands, except percentages and per share amounts)

Number

Percent

Amount

Percent

Pre-IPO owners

Investors in this offering

Total

Each $1.00 increase (decrease) in the offering price per common share, respectively, would increase (decrease) total consideration paid by investors in this offering and total consideration paid by all shareholders by $ million.

The dilution information above is for illustrative purposes only. Our as adjusted net tangible book value following the consummation of this offering is subject to adjustment based on the actual initial public offering price of our ordinary shares and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.

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SELECTED FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION

The following selected financial information should be read in conjunction with the sections entitled “Presentation of Financial Information” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements of Karooooo Pte. Ltd., including the notes thereto, included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our historical consolidated financial statements were prepared to give effect to (i) the common control transaction in which Karooooo Pte. Ltd. acquired a controlling stake in Cartrack Holdings Limited and (ii) the conversion of a shareholder loan from our founder and chief executive officer, Isaias (Zak) Jose Calisto, to Karooooo Pte. Ltd. into ordinary shares of Karooooo Pte. Ltd., which took place on November 18, 2020.

There is currently no specific guidance on accounting for common control transactions under IFRS as issued by the IASB. In the absence of specific guidance Karooooo Pte. Ltd. elected to apply the “pooling of interests” method of accounting. Under “pooling of interests” the assets and liabilities of Cartrack Holdings Limited are carried over at their book values with no adjustment made for the acquisition price and prior periods are restated as if the common control transaction had occurred at the beginning of the earliest period presented. We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. The summary consolidated historical financial information presented as at and for the years ended February 29, 2020 and February 28, 2019 has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements of Karooooo Pte. Ltd. included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our historical results for any prior period are not necessarily indicative of results expected in any future period.

	For the year ended February 29 or 28,
	2020		2020		2019
	U.S.$ millions(1)		R millions		R millions
Consolidated Statement of Profit and Loss:
Revenue		124.2		1,941.9		1,692.7
Cost of sales		(36.8)		(574.8)		(484.7)
Gross profit		87.4		1,367.1		1,208.0
Other income		0.1		1.9		6.3
Expected credit losses on financial assets		(3.5)		(54.9)		(45.2)
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing		(11.4)		(177.9)		(177.4)
General and administration		(29.6)		(462.5)		(443.6)
Research and development		(2.9)		(44.9)		(48.3)
Total operating expenses		(43.9)		(685.3)		(669.2)
Operating profit		40.1		628.8		499.8
Finance income		0.2		2.6		2.7
Finance costs		(1.1)		(16.8)		(31.4)
Profit before taxation		39.2		614.6		471.2
Taxation		(10.9)		(171.1)		(110.2)
Profit for the year		28.3		443.5		361.0
Profit attributable to:
Owners of the parent		18.5		289.9		236.9
Non-controlling interest		9.8		153.6		124.1
Pro Forma Data of Karooooo Pte. Ltd.(2):
Pro forma earnings per share
Basic
Diluted
Pro forma weighted average number of shares outstanding (thousands)
Basic
Diluted

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(1)

(2)

	As of February 29 or 28,
	2020		2020		2019
	U.S.$ millions(1)		R millions		R millions
Consolidated Statement of Financial Position Data:
Non-current assets		81.7		1,277.8		1,048.3
Current assets		36.3		567.5		480.8
Total assets		118.0		1,845.3		1,529.1
Non-current liabilities		13.6		213.2		321.2
Current liabilities		26.0		407.0		370.3
Total liabilities		39.6		620.2		691.5
Total equity		78.4		1,225.1		837.6

(1)

	For the Year Ended February 28/29,
	2020		2020		2019
	(in U.S.$ millions, except Subscribers and Free Cash Flow Margin)(1)		(in R millions, except Subscribers and Free Cash Flow Margin)
Key Business Metrics:
Subscribers (as of end of period)(2)		1,126.5		1,126.5		960.8
Subscription Revenue(3)		120.7		1,887.7		1,520.5
Adjusted EBITDA(4)		62.0		968.7		761.4
Free Cash Flow(5)		32.8		512.5		50.2
Free Cash Flow Margin(5)		26.4%		26.4%		3.0%

(1)

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Federal Reserve System. These translations should not be considered representations that any such amounts have been, could have been or could be converted at that or any other exchange rate. See “Exchange Rates” for further information about recent fluctuations in exchange rates.

(2)

We define the number of subscribers at the end of any particular period as the total number of vehicles or other assets using our platform at the end of such period.

(3)

Represents revenue from the sale of subscriptions to our SaaS platform.

(4)

(5)

We define free cash flow as net cash generated from operating activities less purchases of property, plant and equipment. Free cash flow margin is calculated as free cash flow divided by revenue. In addition to our results determined in accordance with IFRS, we believe free cash flow and free cash flow margin, which are non-IFRS measures, are useful in evaluating our operating performance. We believe that free cash flow and free cash flow margin are useful indicators of liquidity and the ability of the company to turn revenues into free cash flow, respectively, that provide information to management and investors about the amount of cash generated from our operations that, after the investments in property and equipment and capitalized internal-use software, can be used for strategic initiatives, including investing in our business, and strengthening our financial position. However, non-IFRS financial information is presented for supplemental informational purposes only, has limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for financial information presented in accordance with IFRS. Investors are encouraged to review the related IFRS financial measure and the reconciliation of this non-IFRS financial measure to its most directly comparable IFRS financial measure, and not to rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business. See “Summary Financial and Other Information” for a reconciliation of net cash generated from operating activities, the most directly comparable IFRS financial measure, to free cash flow.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto, included elsewhere in this prospectus, as well as the information presented under “Presentation of Financial Information” and “Selected Financial and Other Information.” The following discussion and analysis includes forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed elsewhere in this prospectus. See “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors.”

Overview

Cartrack is a leading global provider of real-time mobility data analytics solutions for smart transportation.

Since our founding, Cartrack has gained vast expertise and enhanced our business in the following areas:

•

Developing new software applications such as fleet management, mobile asset accounting, workforce management, and insurance solutions;

•

Developing capabilities in data management at scale as well as a broad range of communication technologies and protocols;

•

Expanding our sales and marketing focus to include commercial fleets of all sizes; and

•

Expanding our geographic footprint to meet the needs of our customers who are increasingly global with larger, more complex fleets and requirements.

Our single user interface and fully integrated cloud-based platform runs on internally developed and cost-effective smart IoT devices, enabling us to deliver a unified and comprehensive service to our customers while maintaining control of our cost structure. Our discreet, sophisticated smart devices stream data to the platform, facilitating informed decisions about optimal asset efficiency and productivity, including live tracking and location of assets. Customers utilize the platform through an easily accessible web-based portal or mobile application, which is designed to be easy to deploy across customers’ entire mobile asset fleets. Our devices can be installed in a range of mobile assets independent of asset procurement, allowing our customers to integrate our solutions in existing or new vehicles. Our platform includes a wide range of reliable services to effectively serve the needs of a geographically diverse range of clients. Where appropriate, partnerships with third party technology providers are established to create incremental value to customers in the markets we serve.

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February 29, 2020. Our business has experienced rapid growth, strong profitability, and capital efficiency in recent years. For the year ended February 29, 2020, we generated subscription revenues of R1,888 million compared to subscription revenues of R1,521 million for the year ended February 28, 2019, reflecting year-over-year growth of 24%, with subscription revenue now representing 97% of total revenue. We have experienced seven consecutive years of double-digit growth in revenue and subscribers.

Finally, we believe strong net cash generated from operating activities is an important factor in supporting our robust business model and indicates our ability to provide the capital necessary to invest in subscriber growth and territorial expansion. For the years ended February 29, 2020 and February 28, 2019, respectively, we generated net cash generated from operating activities of R901.2 million and R472.3 million, reflecting year-over-year growth of 90.8%.

Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

We believe that our performance and future success depend on a number of factors that present significant opportunities for us but also pose risks and challenges, including those discussed below and in the section of this prospectus titled “Risk Factors.”

Subscriber Growth

We derive substantially all of our revenue from the sale of subscriptions to our SaaS platform. For the year ended February 29, 2020, subscription revenue accounted for approximately 97% of our total revenue compared to approximately 90% for the year ended February 28, 2019. We are focused on growing our subscription revenue by acquiring subscriptions with new customers and retaining and expanding subscriptions with existing customers, and we seek to utilize innovative feature enhancements on our SaaS platform and value-added services as part of our customer acquisition and retention strategy.

We measure our success at growing our subscriber base by measuring our net subscriber growth. We calculate net subscriber growth as the difference between gross subscriber additions and gross subscriber churn over a given period. For the year ended February 29, 2020, our gross subscriber additions were 342,238 and net subscriber growth was 165,717 compared to gross subscriber additions of 325,426 and net subscriber growth of 209,418 for the year ended February 28, 2019. We were able to achieve robust net subscriber growth despite making a conscious strategic decision to focus on cost efficiencies for the year ended February 29, 2020, as compared to the year ended February 28, 2019, during which we significantly increased operating expenditures related to sales and marketing.

We believe an increase in the number of subscribers is an indicator of our ability to penetrate a market, our future growth opportunities in that market, our ability to acquire new customers and our ability to retain subscribers as well as to add subscribers to existing customers.

We rely on our proprietary internal systems and processes as well as our own sales teams to drive subscriber growth in order to minimize third-party risks in acquiring subscribers.

We offer our SaaS platform to a broad range of customers seeking a variety of mobility solutions. Neither our ability to acquire nor retain subscribers is dependent on any specific industry, and we have not historically been materially exposed or vulnerable to cyclical or niche business sectors. Moreover, as a result of this industry agnostic approach and our generally consistent average revenue per subscriber (“ARPU”) in each region, our subscriber mix has not materially affected our results of operations. We do, however, monitor our subscriber mix to ensure that our sales and marketing efforts continue to be effective and evaluate exposure to customer concentration or other material risks in our subscriber base.

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We divide our subscriber base into the following five categories: (i) consumers and sole proprietors, (ii) small businesses, (iii) medium-sized businesses, (iv) large enterprises and (v) other connected devices. We define consumers and sole proprietors as individuals and business owners whose vehicles are used for personal and/or business use; these customers typically have between one to five vehicles under subscription. We define small businesses as commercial customers with up to 25 vehicle subscriptions. We define medium-sized businesses as fleets with between 26 and 99 vehicle subscriptions and large enterprises as having fleets with 100 or more vehicle subscriptions. Other connected devices are smart IoT devices or mobile handsets that connect to our platform making use of various applications.

For the year ended February 29, 2020, 1,067,282 of our subscribers had connected vehicles and 59,233 had other connected devices, which are smart IoT devices or mobile handsets that connect to our platform making use of various applications, compared to 905,028 and 55,770 respectively, for the year ended February 28, 2019.

We also monitor the number of subscribers who have access to the majority of our SaaS platform applications and the number of subscribers who choose to only access our safety and asset tracking applications. For the year ended February 29, 2020, 77% of our total subscribers had access to the majority of our SaaS platform applications and 23% had access only to our safety and asset tracking applications compared to 71% and 29%, respectively, for the year ended February 28, 2019.

For the year ended February 29, 2020, we had 485,843 consumers and sole proprietor customers, 61,754 small business customers, 2,189 medium-sized business customers and 409 large enterprise customers, compared to 397,227 consumers and sole proprietor customers, 54,368 small business customers, 1,787 medium-sized business customers and 341 large enterprise customers, for the year ended February 28, 2019. Our strategy for generating scale in a region is to initially build customer volume. We subsequently target larger businesses.

As of February 29, 2020, more than 60 of our large enterprise customers had 500 vehicles or more under subscription with us and no customer accounted for more than 2.2% of our total subscription revenue, which represented more than 29,500 vehicles under subscription. At an industry level, our car rental customers represented 1.4% of subscription revenue and just over 19,500 vehicles under subscription, demonstrating our broad industry approach and low customer and industry concentration.

For the year ended February 29, 2020, 77% of our total subscribers and 73% of our total revenues were derived from our South African operations, compared to 78% and 74% as of and for the year ended February 28, 2019, respectively. We seek to capitalize on the growth opportunities in our other regional markets, which are geographically dispersed, with subscribers currently located in 23 countries worldwide. In addition to driving revenue growth, we believe that our presence across multiple geographic markets and our exposure to multiple industry sectors can mitigate the risk of changing economic conditions.

The Asia-Pacific, Middle East and USA segment and Europe segment are our key global growth focus areas. For the year ended February 29, 2020, the Asia-Pacific, Middle East and USA segment and Europe segment recorded a 30% and 20% increase in subscribers, respectively, while South Africa and Africa-Other achieved a 17% and 7% increase in subscribers, respectively, for the same period.

Cost of Acquiring a Subscriber

We believe that our cost of subscriber acquisition differentiates us from others in our industry and is an important indicator of our ability to achieve sustainable subscriber growth and maintain our margins while continuing to offer compelling pricing to our subscribers. We define cost of subscriber acquisition, which is calculated on a per subscriber basis, as the sum of (i) the cost of the telematics device, (ii) the cost of installation, together with any related labor costs for our automotive technicians and (iii) the cost of the direct sales commission. We believe that our low cost of subscriber acquisition is due to our vertically integrated business model, which allows us to control costs, improve efficiencies and be in direct contact with our customers instead of relying on third parties. We use a proprietary design, development and manufacturing process, and we have a mobile in-house team of field automotive technicians who install our devices at a site convenient to the customer as well as an in-house sales team who are paid commission-based salaries.

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Our cost of subscriber acquisition for the year ended February 29, 2020 was R1,488 per subscriber, compared to R1,814 per subscriber for the year ended February 28, 2019, which represents a 18% decrease from period to period due to the lower relative cost of our next-generation telematics devices and the increased efficiency of our sales team.

Salaries paid to our sales team and direct marketing costs are a significant component of the cost of subscriber acquisition. However, these costs, excluding commissions that are paid to our sales team, are not capitalized but fully expensed as our sales and marketing function is entirely in-house as part of our vertically integrated business model. If we outsourced our sales and marketing, such expenses would be fully capitalized as sales commissions resulting in a short-term margin benefit. As a result, the cost of expansion could have a negative effect on margins while we grow.

Subscriber Contract Life Cycle

We believe that the term of a subscriber contract is an important indicator of our ability to retain customers and drive margin expansion. We complete a detailed actuarial assessment annually on the expected lifecycle of subscriber contracts across the company. Based upon an internal actuarial assessment, the estimated average useful life of a subscriber contract for each of the years ended February 29, 2020 and February 28, 2019 was approximately 60 months.

Average Cost to Service a Subscriber

We measure our operational efficiency by calculating the average cost to service a subscriber. We define the cost of servicing a subscriber, which is calculated on a per subscriber basis, as (i) operating expenses, less (ii) sales and marketing expenses, divided by (iii) the average subscriber balance for such period which is calculated as the average of the (a) the opening subscriber balance for the period, plus (b) the closing subscriber balance for a period. We believe that our low average cost of servicing a subscriber is driven by our vertically integrated business model, prudent cost control and the efficiency created by our proprietary business systems.

Our average cost of servicing a subscriber per month for the year ended February 29, 2020 was R54 per subscriber, compared to R59 per subscriber for the year ended February 28, 2019, which represents a 9% decrease from period to period due to growing economies of scale.

We believe expansion costs may increase the cost of servicing a subscriber as we invest in operational support ahead of subscriber growth.

Foreign Currency Fluctuations

While we conduct business in multiple countries and currencies, our reporting currency is the South African rand. We are exposed to changes in our revenue, costs and net assets arising out of fluctuations of other currencies vis-a-vis the South African rand. Continued depreciation of the local currencies against the South African rand can favorably affect our results of operations and, conversely, appreciation would adversely impact our results.

COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the global economy, disrupted supply chains and created significant volatility in global financial markets. Our global operations are subject to risks associated with actions taken by governmental authorities to restrict certain business operations, trade or travel in response to the pandemic. Although we operate as an essential safety and security service in South Africa, Singapore and certain other countries, the pandemic has resulted in extended work stoppages and travel restrictions at our facilities and those of our customers, decreases in consumer demand and vehicle production schedules, increases in customer defaults, disruptions to our supply chain and other adverse global economic impacts. Such restrictions led to a 35% decline in new subscriber contracts in the three months ended May 31, 2020 compared to the prior year period, although new subscriber additions rebounded in the three months ended August 31, 2020 . While we experienced a slight decline in cash collections in the three months ended May 31, 2020 compared to the prior year period, primarily as a result of deferring certain

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payments by large enterprise customers and due to difficulty in contacting small and medium-sized business customers subject to COVID-19 related closure requirements, cash collections improved slightly for the three months ended August 31, 2020 compared to the preceding quarter. We have not, however, seen a significant increase in subscriber cancellations to date. We are also taking steps to manage costs, including the implementation of a temporary hiring freeze. Although we are unable to predict the ultimate impact to our business due to a number of evolving factors, including the duration and spread of the pandemic, the severity of the impact of the pandemic on economic activity, and the changing actions of governmental authorities across the globe, we may experience adverse effects to our financial results. We believe growth was constrained in part due to limited capacity to install the in-vehicle IoT technology resulting from the various regional lockdown restrictions. We were also unable to deploy recently recruited talent currently stationed in Singapore into the Asia-Pacific region to drive growth. While the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic cannot be quantified, we expect that disruptions caused by COVID-19 will continue to impact our results in the three and nine months ending November 30, 2020 and the year ending February 28, 2021. We continue to actively monitor the ongoing potential impacts of COVID-19 to seek to mitigate and minimize its impact on our business.

Key Business Metrics

We review a number of operating and financial metrics, including the following key business metrics, to evaluate the performance of our business, identify trends, formulate business plans, make strategic decisions and assess operational efficiencies. Our calculation of the key business metrics and other measures discussed below may differ from other similarly titled metrics used by other companies, securities analysts or investors.

Number of Subscribers

We have demonstrated a history of growing our subscriber base through growth in customers as a result of our sales-centric culture, competitive pricing and proprietary platform with next-generation functionality and software features. We believe that our ability to attract a range of diversified new customers and grow our subscriber base is key to building a sustainable business model. The number of subscribers on our platform directly drives our subscription revenue, which made up 97% of our total revenue for the fiscal year ended February 29, 2020. See “—Subscription Revenue.”

We define the number of subscribers at the end of any particular period as the total number of vehicles or other mobile assets using our platform at the end of such period. As of February 29, 2020 and February 28, 2019, we had 1,126,515 and 960,798 subscribers, respectively, which represents net subscriber growth of 165,717 or a 17% increase from period to period as a result of gross subscriber sales of 342,238 and gross subscriber churn of 176,521.

	As of February 28/29,				Change
	2020		2019		%
Subscribers (as of end of period)		1,126,515		960,798		17.2%

Subscription Revenue

Subscription revenue is a key metric we use to evaluate our business, since we derive substantially all of our revenue from the sale of subscriptions to our next-generation SaaS platform. For the years ended February 29, 2020 and February 28, 2019, subscription revenue was R1,887.7 million and R1,520.5 million, respectively, which represents a 24% increase from period to period, as a result of strong subscriber growth.

	For the Year Ended February 28/29,						Change
			2020		2019		%
	(in U.S.$ thousands)(1)		(in R thousands)
Subscription Revenue		120,729		1,887,717		1,520,540		24.1%

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(1)

Adjusted Earnings Before Interest Depreciation Taxation and Amortization (“Adjusted EBITDA”)

In addition to our results determined in accordance with IFRS, we believe Adjusted EBITDA, a non-IFRS measure, is useful in evaluating our operating performance. We define Adjusted EBITDA as profit less finance income plus finance costs, taxation, depreciation and amortization (including amortization of capitalized commission costs) and corporate expenses of Karooooo Pte. Ltd. relating to bank charges, custody fees, legal and professional fees, loan arrangement fees, certain withholding taxes and exchange losses. We use Adjusted EBITDA in our operational and financial decision-making and believe Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors because similar measures are frequently used by securities analysts, investors, ratings agencies and other interested parties to evaluate our competitors and to measure profitability. However, non-IFRS financial information is presented for supplemental informational purposes only, has limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for financial information presented in accordance with IFRS. Investors are encouraged to review the related IFRS financial measure and the reconciliation of this non-IFRS financial measure to its most directly comparable IFRS financial measure, and not to rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business.

	For the Year Ended February 28/29,
	2020		2019
	(in R thousands)
Profit for the Year		443,526		361,048
Less: Finance Income		(2,592)		(2,749)
Add: Finance Costs		16,831		31,438
Add: Taxation		171,062		110,182
Add: Depreciation and Amortization		295,762		238,515
EBITDA		924,589		738,434
Add: Amortization of Capitalized Commission Costs		31,262		22,996
Add: Corporate(1)		12,896		—
Adjusted EBITDA		968,747		761,430

(1)

For the years ended February 29, 2020 and February 28, 2019, Adjusted EBITDA was R968.8 million and R761.4 million, respectively, which represents a 27.2% increase from period to period, largely due to an increase in profitability as a result of strong subscriber and subscription revenue growth with improving operational efficiencies due to the expansion of proprietary internal systems and increase in scale.

Free Cash Flow and Free Cash Flow Margin

In addition to our results determined in accordance with IFRS, we believe free cash flow and free cash flow margin, which are non-IFRS measures, are useful in evaluating our operating performance. Free cash flow is a non-IFRS financial measure that we calculate as net cash generated from operating activities less purchases of property, plant and equipment. Free cash flow margin is calculated as free cash flow divided by revenue. We believe that free cash flow and free cash flow margin are useful indicators of liquidity and the ability of the company to turn revenues into free cash flow, respectively, that provide information to

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management and investors about the amount of cash generated from our operations that, after the investments in property and equipment and capitalized internal-use software, can be used for strategic initiatives, including investing in our business, and strengthening our financial position. However, non-IFRS financial information is presented for supplemental informational purposes only, has limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for financial information presented in accordance with IFRS. In particular, free cash flow does not reflect any restrictions on the transfer of cash and cash equivalents within the group or any requirement to repay the group’s borrowings and does not take into account cash flows that are available from disposals or the issue of shares. Management therefore takes such factors into account in addition to free cash flow when determining the resources available for acquisitions and for distribution to shareholders. Investors are encouraged to review the related IFRS financial measure and the reconciliation of this non-IFRS financial measure to its most directly comparable IFRS financial measure, and not to rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business.

	For the Year Ended February 28/29,
	2020		2019
	(in R thousands, except free cash flow margin)
Net Cash Generated from Operating Activities		901,224		472,258
Less: Purchase of Property, Plant and Equipment		(388,723)		(422,061)
Free Cash Flow		512,501		50,197
Free Cash Flow Margin		26.4%		3.0%

We calculate free cash flow as net cash generated from operating activities less purchases of property, plant and equipment. Free cash flow margin is calculated as free cash flow divided by revenue. For the years ended February 29, 2020 and February 28, 2019, free cash flow was R512.5 million and R50.2 million, respectively, which represents a 921.0% increase from period to period largely due to an increase in profit before taxation, depreciation and amortization and an improvement in working capital management (relating to inventory, trade receivables and trade payables), as well as lower costs for purchasing property, plant and equipment.

Free cash flow margin was 26.4% and 3.0%, respectively, for the years ended February 29, 2020 and February 28, 2019, respectively.

Average Revenue Per Subscriber (“ARPU”)

We measure monetization of our platform through our average revenue per subscriber metric. We calculate ARPU by dividing subscription revenue by the average of the opening subscriber balance at the beginning of a fiscal year or reporting period and closing subscriber balances at the end of such fiscal year or reporting period. We believe ARPU is an indicator of our pricing efficiency, competitiveness and market positioning.

We calculate ARPU for the Company as a whole and for each segment because we currently monetize subscribers in different geographies at different average rates. We believe that ARPU of approximately R150 provides attractive margins and sustainable growth in most countries.

The following table shows our ARPU by operating segment for each of the periods presented:

	South Africa		Africa-Other		Europe		Asia-Pacific, Middle East and USA		Total
	(in R)
ARPU for the fiscal year ended February 29, 2020		143		153		154		218		151
ARPU for the fiscal year ended February 28, 2019		141		147		153		216		148

Components of Our Results of Operations

Revenue

We derive substantially all of our revenue from the provision of mobility data analytics solutions on a subscription-based model typically under monthly SaaS subscription contracts. Our revenue is driven

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primarily by the number of assets under subscription to our SaaS platform and the price per asset under subscription contracts. In addition, we generate revenue by selling additional platform solutions to our customers, such as live video-streaming, workforce management and fleet administration for commercial customers.

Hardware sales, including sales to our licensees, installation revenue and royalties we receive from our licensees make up a minimal component of total revenue.

Our initial contract terms are generally 36 months with automatic monthly renewals thereafter and may not be cancelled without penalty prior to the completion of the initial term. The average duration of our subscription contracts is approximately 60 months. We charge our customers for a ratable portion of the contract on a periodic basis, generally in advance on a monthly basis and in certain regions we apply annual escalations to the contract pricing. However, our customers may prepay all or part of their contractual obligations for the full initial contract term.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales consists primarily of costs related to the amortization of capitalized subscriber acquisition costs, which includes the telematics device, the cost of the installation and direct commissions paid to our sales staff. Other components of cost of sales include non-capitalized automotive technician costs, machine to machine (“M2M”) network communications costs and the costs of delivering safety and asset recovery services to our customers, including such costs incurred by our licensees.

We capitalize the cost of installed telematics devices and direct sales commissions and depreciate these costs over the expected useful life of the subscriber, which is currently 60 months. We pay commissions to our sales staff only once a telematics device is installed and activated. If a customer subscription agreement is cancelled prior to the end of the expected useful life of the subscriber, the depreciation period is accelerated resulting in the carrying capitalized value being expensed in the then-current period. If an installed telematics device requires replacement for defect, the cost is taken as an expense in the replacement period.

Less significant cost of sales items includes expenditures incurred in connection with our asset recovery warranty program, (which is determined based on historical loss data observed over a period of at least the past five years) and mapping costs.

Our cost of sales are generally driven by the number of assets under subscription and solutions provided. We expect the cost of sales in absolute terms to increase with subscriber growth.

Other Income

Other income substantially consists of the profit on sales of fixed assets and other less significant items.

Expected Credit Losses on Financial Assets

Expected credit losses on financial assets consist of bad debts expensed, the movement on the expected credit loss provision and any bad debts recovered.

Operating Expenses

Other operating expenses consist of sales and marketing, research and development and administration and other.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of wages and benefits for sales and marketing personnel and other marketing, advertising and promotional costs. Marketing and advertising costs consist primarily of pay-per-click advertising with search engines, social media advertising and other online and traditional

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advertising media, as well as the costs to create and produce these advertisements. Marketing and advertising costs are expensed as incurred.

We plan to continue to invest in sales and marketing in order to drive subscriber growth and continue to build brand and category awareness. We expect sales and marketing expenses to increase in absolute terms and to continue to be one of our largest components of operating expenses, although they may fluctuate as a percentage of subscription revenue from period to period.

General and Administration

General and administration expenses consist primarily of wages and benefits for administrative services, human resources, internal information technology support, executive, legal, finance and accounting personnel; professional fees; expenses for business application software licenses; non-income related taxes; other corporate expenses, such as insurance; and general office related expenses, such as rent and utilities.

In addition to the above, general and administration expenses consist of depreciation relating to other property, plant and equipment, excluding those related to subscriber acquisition costs, which are included in cost of sales, and the amortization of intangible assets including capitalized development costs and purchased computer software.

We expect that administration and other expenses will increase as we continue to add personnel in connection with the anticipated growth of our business. In addition, we anticipate that we will also incur additional personnel expenses, professional service fees, including auditing and legal fees, and insurance costs related to operating as a public company in the United States of America.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses consist primarily of wages and benefits for hardware engineers, product management and software development personnel. We have focused our research and development efforts on improving ease of use, functionality and technological scalability of our SaaS platform as well as on expanding and developing new offerings. The majority of our research and development employees are located in our development centers in Singapore, South Africa and Portugal. Research and development costs that qualify for capitalization, such as costs related to new generation smart devices and our SaaS platform are capitalized and amortized over their estimated useful life.

We believe that continued investment in our technology is important for our future growth, and as a result, we expect research and development expenses to increase in absolute dollars, although they may fluctuate as a percentage of subscription revenue from period to period.

Finance Income

Finance income consists of interest earned on positive bank balances.

Finance Costs

Finance costs consist of interest paid on bank overdraft facilities, installment sale obligations, interest bearing loans, lease obligations and interest charges on outstanding taxes.

Taxation

Taxation consists primarily of current and deferred income tax and a minimal component of withholding tax.

Non-Controlling Interest

The non-controlling interest principally relates to the public shareholders in Cartrack Holdings Limited. See “Corporate Reorganization.”

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Our Segments

We have four operating segments aligned with our geographical business units: (1) South Africa; (2) Africa-Other, consisting of operations in Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya, Namibia, Nigeria, Botswana, Malawi, Rwanda, Eswatini and Zimbabwe; (3) Europe, consisting of operations in Portugal, Poland and Spain; and (4) Asia-Pacific Middle East and USA, consisting of operations in Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Indonesia, the UAE, New Zealand and the United States.

Our operations in Botswana, Malawi, Rwanda, Eswatini and Zimbabwe are conducted by licensees pursuant to franchise agreements entered into between us and Cartrack Botswana (PTY) Ltd., Cartrack Malawi Ltd., ISOC Intersec Security, Cartrack Holdings — Swaziland and Trac-King (PVT) Ltd, for our operations in each of Botswana, Malawi, Rwanda, Eswatini and Zimbabwe, respectively. Under such franchise agreements, the relevant counterparties are granted exclusive territorial licenses to deploy our solutions through the term of such agreement. While such entities are not consolidated into our financial statements, the purchases of equipment from us and royalties which are collected by us are reflected as revenue and any costs associated with such franchise agreements are reflected in our financial statements as cost of sales.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our results of operations for the periods presented.

	For the Year Ended February 28/29,						% Change
	2020		2020		2019
	(in U.S.$ thousands(1))		(in R thousands)
Revenue		124,194		1,941,893		1,692,708		14.7%
Cost of sales		(36,759)		(574,770)		(484,700)		18.6%

	Page
About This Prospectus		ii
Presentation of Financial Information		ii
Market and Industry Data		iii
Trademarks		iii
Summary		1
The Offering		9
Summary Financial and Other Information		11
Risk Factors		15
Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements		49
Use of Proceeds		51
Dividends and Dividend Policy		52
Exchange Rates		53
Corporate Reorganization		54
Capitalization		55
Dilution		56
Selected Financial and Other Information		57
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations		60
Founder’s Letter		80
Business		81
Regulation		99
Management		104
Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions		109
Principal and Selling Shareholder		111
Description of Share Capital		112
Shares Eligible for Future Sale		132
Exchange Controls		134
Tax Considerations		135
Underwriting		143
Expenses of the Offering		148
Legal Matters		148
Experts		148
Service of Process and Enforcement of Civil Liabilities		149
Where You Can Find More Information		150
Financial Statements		F-1